Table 1.
Demographics and Descriptive Statistics of Samples
| Subsample 1 | Subsample 2 | Subsample 3 | Subsample 4; Twins A | Subsample 4; Twins B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Size | 337 | 209 | 45 | 42 | 42 |
| Gender (% boys) | 48.1% | 39.8% | 66.7% | 50.0% | 40.5% |
| Age Range | 9 | 8 to 9 | 5 to 9 | 6 to 9 | 6 to 9 |
| Age Mean (SD) | 9.00 | 8.61 (.49) | 8.47 (1.20) | 7.69 (1.08) | 7.71 (1.19) |
| Low Economic StatusA | 98.0% | 63.1% | 42.9% | N/A | N/A |
| Racial/Ethnic Composition | 80.0% African-American | 55.9% Caucasian | 100% Hispanic | 93.3% Caucasian | 93.3% Caucasian |
| Sensation Seeking | N/A | 1.2 (.65) | 1.1 (.76) | 1.1 (.60) | 1.2 (.63) |
| Social Contagion | N/A | .6 (.80) | .6 (1.08) | .6 (.80) | .7 (.89) |
| Disinhibition | N/A | 1.2 (.56) | 1.0 (.51) | 1.1 (.40) | 1.1 (.42) |
| Self Management | N/A | 1.8 (.52) | 2.0 (.75) | 2.0 (.45) | 1.9 (.63) |
| Parent Fortification | N/A | 2.1 (.87)* | 2.1 (.71) | 2.3 (.61) | 2.3 (.47) |
| Social Support | N/A | N/A | 2.1 (.83) | 2.0 (.52) | 1.8 (.53) |
| School Protection | N/A | 2.2 (.66) | 2.8 (.57) | 2.6 (.48) | 2.5 (.58) |
Note:
A
Based on reports of receiving free lunch at school. Socioeconomic data were not available as part of the twins protocol. Parenthetical values are standard deviations. N/A = not assessed.
*
based on a Parent Fortification subscale, Parental Monitoring (which has a factor loading of .78)