Table 3.

Models of Perceived Access

	FORMAL		INFORMAL
	b	t	b	t
Individual level variables:
Off-premise outlets within 2 miles	0.081 ***	3.79	0.004	0.04
Available spending money	0.002 *	2.16	0.004 *	2.03
Mobility indicator	0.063	1.35	0.613 ***	4.39
Average age of close friends	0.023	0.98	0.341 ***	3.81
Past year parental drinking	0.001	0.02	0.747 ***	4.47
Deviance scale	0.106 ***	4.32	0.647 ***	8.52
Conventionality scale	-0.024	-0.88	-0.561 ***	-5.19
% Male	-0.012	-0.58	-0.139	-1.67
Age	0.058	1.25	0.298 *	2.24
Hispanic	-0.055	-1.77	-0.179	-1.63
African-American	-0.053	-0.70	-0.476 *	-2.04
Asian or Pacific Islander	0.092	0.96	0.165	0.67
Aggregate (zipcode) level variables:
% Hispanic	0.003 **	3.10	-0.007	-1.46
% African American	0.002	0.80	0.001	0.16
% Asian or Pacific Islander	0.005 *	2.41	-0.003	-0.33
Population density	0.000	0.34	0.000	0.93
% owner occupied	0.005	1.55	0.001	0.06
Median HH Income	0.000	0.61	0.000	-0.86
Intercept	-1.454 ***	-51.73	-3.316 ***	-34.45

Results are based on hierarchical linear regression analyses of 1,419 persons nested within 50 zip codes; perceived ease of formal access outcome measure is based on a single survey item ranging from -2 to 2; perceived ease of informal access is the sum of four survey items, so outcome measure has a possible range of -8 to 8; exogenous variables are grand-mean centered;

^***p <= .001,

^**p <= .01,

^*p <= .05