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A model for LFA-1/ICAM-1-mediated signal resulting in T-cells refractory to TGF-β signaling. The figure illustrates that LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction induces up-regulation of SMAD7, SMURF2, and SKI protein expression in T-cells via STAT3 and/or JNK (left panel). The increased expression of SMAD7, SMURF2, and SKI proteins results in T-cells refractive to TGF-β signaling and interferes with TGF-β-mediated inhibition of IL-2 secretion and T-cell differentiation processes (right panel).
