Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristic | Type 2 diabetes without MVD (n = 16) | Type 2 diabetes with PAD (n = 20) | Type 2 diabetes with CAD (n = 15) | Healthy control (n = 19) | Non-type 2 diabetes with PAD (n = 20) | Non-type 2 diabetes with CAD (n = 16) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 58.6 ± 2.6 | 67.6 ± 1.6a | 66 ± 1.7b | 54.6 ± 1.0 | 59.6 ± 1.7 | 57.1 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Sex (% male) | 7 (44) | 11 (55) | 7 (47) | 11 (58) | 15 (75) | 11 (69) | NS |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.9 ± 1.6c | 31.6 ± 1.9c | 31.2 ± 2.0c | 25.2 ± 0.7 | 23.2 ± 0.7 | 27.0 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes duration (years) | 17.5 ± 2.2 | 12.1 ± 1.9 | 15.1 ± 2.0 | NS | |||
| Smoking (%) | 5 (31) | 4 (20) | 2 (13) | 3 (16) | 13 (65)j | 9 (56) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension (%) | 13 (81) | 16 (80) | 11 (73) | 3 (16)j | 13 (65) | 9 (56) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic variables | |||||||
| WBC count (106/ml) | 8.1 ± 1.0 | 8.9 ± 0.7 | 6,3 ± 0,4 | 5.9 ± 0.4d | 8.2 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | <0.01 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 8.6 ± 1.0e | 8.4 ± 0.8e | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | –g | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0 ± 0.4f | 7.3 ± 0.3f | 7.7 ± 0.3f | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 64 ± 5f | 56 ± 3f | 61 ± 4f | 39 ± 1 | 42 ± 1.9 | 39 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.2i | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | <0.01 |
| Triacylglycerol (mmol/l) | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | NS |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | NS |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.2j | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | <0.01 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 67.0 ± 4 | 74.2 ± 5.3 | 76.4 ± 5.4 | 77.7 ± 3.7 | 77.8 ± 5.0 | 79.7 ± 3.4 | NS |
| Medication | |||||||
| Insulin (%) | 14 (88) | 10 (50) | 12 (80) | – | – | – | NS |
| Oral glucose-lowering agents (%) | 2 (13) | 4 (20) | 1 (7) | – | – | – | NS |
| Metformin (%) | 7 (44) | 14 (70) | 9 (60) | – | – | – | NS |
| Statins (%) | 11 (69) | 15 (75) | 13 (87) | 2 (11)j | 16 (80) | 16 (100) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors (%) | 6 (38) | 8 (40) | 7 (47) | 1 (5)j | 10 (50) | 12 (75)j | <0.001 |
| Angiotensin II inhibitor (%) | 7 (44)d | 4 (20) | 3 (20) | 0 (0) | 3 (15) | 2 (13) | <0.05 |
| Beta blockers (%) | 3 (19) | 7 (35) | 11 (73)j | 1 (5)j | 3 (15) | 15 (94)j | <0.001 |
| Calcium antagonist (%) | 5 (31) | 6 (30) | 8 (53)j | 0 (0)j | 4 (20) | 1 (6) | <0.01 |
| Diuretics (%) | 9 (56) | 7 (35) | 8 (53) | 1 (5)j | 4 (20) | 4 (25) | <0.05 |
| Antiaggregants (%) | 4 (25) | 11 (55) | 13 (87) | 0 (0)j | 14 (70) | 15 (94)j | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulants (%) | 1 (6) | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 1 (6) | NS |
Data are presented as mean ± SEM
Statistically significant with ANOVA compared with:
aType 2 diabetic, non-type 2 diabetic with CAD, non-type 2 diabetic with PAD, and healthy
bNon-type 2 diabetic with CAD, and healthy
cNon-type 2 diabetic with PAD, and healthy
dType 2 diabetic with PAD
eHealthy and non-type 2 diabetic with PAD
fAll non-type 2 diabetic groups
gMeasurement not available
Statistically significant with ANOVA compared with:
hType 2 diabetic, type 2 diabetic with PAD, type 2 diabetic with CAD and non-type 2 diabetic with CAD
iType 2 diabetic, type 2 diabetic with PAD and type 2 diabetic with CAD
jStatistically significant with χ 2 test