Fig. 1.

a The depolarization command used to estimate Ca²⁺ profiles during generation of Ca²⁺ spikes. The peak voltage −22 mV was computed by taking an average of membrane potential during Ca²⁺ spikes (as shown in b), and the time of peak voltage ~12 ms was estimated from their average duration. b An example of electrophysiological dendritic Ca²⁺ spikes (provided by Ede Rancz and Michael Häusser, UCL, UK). Note that the small spikelets caused by retrograde conduction of somatic action potentials are not modeled in this study