Table 1.
Demographic data of ADHD children versus controls
| ADHD group | Control group | P value | Odds ratio(C.I.)(3) | Odds ratio(C.I.)(4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case number |
195 |
212 |
|
|
|
| Age (y/o) (mean ± SD) |
8.79 ± 1.93 |
9.13 ± 3.87 |
0.488(1) |
|
|
| Gender |
|
|
0.499(2) |
|
|
| Male, n (%) |
157 (80.5) |
164 (77.3) |
|
|
|
| Female, n (%) |
38 (19.5) |
48 (22.6) |
|
|
|
| Birth body weight, g (mean ± SD) |
3007 ± 563.5 |
3351 ± 417.5 |
0.011(1) |
0.999(0.998, 1) |
0.999(0.998, 1) |
| Gestational age, weeks (mean ± SD) |
37.6 ± 2.21 |
38.8 ± 1.37 |
0.005(1) |
0.67(0.51, 0.89) |
0.67(0.50, 0.89) |
| Prematurity*, n (%) |
27 (18.9) |
18 (8.5) |
0.003(2) |
(5) |
(5) |
| Low birth body weight¶, n (%) |
24 (16.2) |
14 (6.6) |
0.009(2) |
(5) |
(5) |
| Respiratory complications at birth, n (%) |
5 (2.6) |
2 (0.9) |
0.336(2) |
|
|
| Neurological complications, n (%) |
3 (1.5) |
1 (0.5) |
0.600(2) |
|
|
| Body mass index (pretest), kg/m2 |
18.1 ± 3.49 |
18.72 ± 3.67 |
0.422(1) |
|
|
| ADHD Rating Scale IV |
|
|
|
|
|
| Total score (mean ± SD) |
29.8 ± 7.98 |
10.73 ± 2.81 |
< 0.001(1) |
|
|
| Inattention score (mean ± SD) |
16.9 ± 4.23 |
7.1 ± 1.29 |
< 0.001(1) |
|
|
| Hyperactivity score (mean ± SD) |
12.7 ± 5.33 |
4.17 ± 1.78 |
< 0.001(1) |
|
|
| ADHD CGI-S (pretest) (mean ± SD) | 4.5 ± 0.91 | 1.15 ± 0.29 | < 0.001(1) |
ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; SD standard deviation; CGI-S Clinical Global Impression-Severity.
*Prematurity was defined as delivered before 37 weeks’ gestation.
Low birth body weight was defined as < 2500 g.
(1): Independent samples T test.
(2): Fisher’s exact test.
(3): Odds ratio and confidence interval in logistic regression with ADHD as response and Birth body weight/Gestational age as the only predictor.
(4): Odds ratio and confidence interval in logistic regression, adjusted for gender and age.
(5): One of the cells in 2 by 2 table is equal to 0, so we only present significance of Fisher’s exact test.