Table 4. Multivariable odds ratios and percent PAR or PPR (and 95% confidence intervals) for non-food related risk factors for human campylobacteriosis according to the attributed origin of the Campylobacter strain (chicken, ruminant, and the environment).
| Risk factor (% imputed missing values*) | Overalla | Chickenb | Ruminantsc | Environmentd |
| Contact with animals | ||||
| Contact with dog(s) owned by other people (3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | ns | ns | ns |
| 8% (4–10%) | ||||
| Contact with pets and/or farm animals outside the household (1) | ns | ns | ns | 0.4 (0.2–1.0) |
| 17% (1–22%) | ||||
| Ownership of several dogs, at least one dog <1 year-old (0) | 2.5 (1.1–5.8) | ns | ns | ns |
| 2% (1–7%) | ||||
| Ownership of several dogs, all dogs >1 year-old (0) | ns | ns | ns | 3.5 (1.0–12.0) |
| 33% (1–54%) | ||||
| Ownership of cat(s) (1) | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) | ns | ns | ns |
| 10% (5–17%) | ||||
| Recent use of medication | ||||
| Antibiotics (0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | ns | ns | ns |
| 1% (0–2%) | ||||
| Proton-pump inhibitors (0) | 3.7 (2.5–5.5) | 4.7 (2.4–9.1) | 5.7 (2.2–16.15.3) | ns |
| 22% (14–33%) | 34% (11–53%) | 34% (11–58%) | ||
| Other | ||||
| Swimming in a domestic swimming pool (0) | ns | ns | ns | 28% (2–64%) |
| in the spring season | ns | ns | ns | 16.8 (2.6–107.6) |
| in the summer, winter or autumn seasons | ns | ns | ns | 2.5 (0.4–14.4)ns |
| Contact with people with gastroenteritis symptoms outside the household (3) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | ns | 3.4 (1.3–8.7) |
| 6% (1–12%) | 10% (1–23%) | 35% (6–63%) | ||
| Having a chronic gastrointestinal disease (0)§ | 2.4 (1.8–3.2) | 1.8 (1.1–3.1) | ns | 5.0 (2.1–12.1) |
| 20% (13–28%) | 12% (2–27%) | 50% (22–74%) | ||
| Occupational exposure to animals (0) | ns | ns | 3.2 (1.2–9.0) | ns |
| 17% (2–41%) |
Multivariable odds ratios are also adjusted for age, sex, degree of urbanization, season, and level of education. PAR (population attributable risk) and PPR (population preventable risk) are based on the multivariable odds ratios. Risk factors are in bold, protective factors in normal font.
ns = not significant (p>0.05).
Fraction of imputed missing values in the whole dataset.
737 cases; mean Pr for chicken = 0.66 (range: 0.00–0.99); mean Pr for ruminants = 0.23 (range: 0.00–0.96); mean Pr for environment = 0.10 (range: 0.00–0.98).
143 cases; mean Pr for chicken = 0.96; range: 0.95–0.99.
67 cases; mean Pr for ruminants = 0.87; range: 0.80–0.96.
34 cases; mean Pr for environment = 0.76; range: 0.50–0.98.
Includes Crohn's disease, irritable bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or celiac disease.