Fig. 3.

Summary of phylogenetic replication for linkage mapping of forewing pattern variation (Sd and Ac loci), WntA in situ hybridizations, and heparin injections presented in this study. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that forewing pattern shapes are adaptive across the genus (16, 36, 45, 49–53). NA, not applicable; NPC, narrow phenotypic cline; MüMi: Müllerian mimicry; —, not assessed because of stock limitations or unavailability. Note that H. erato lativitta/H. melpomene malleti, and H. erato notabilis/H. melpomene plesseni are convergent comimics that occur in Eastern Ecuador low- and highlands, respectively (dashed lines). Phylogenetic relationships between species are derived from a recent molecular phylogeny (47) after retaining nodes with bootstrap support ≥0.98. Estimated age of Heliconius radiation is derived from a recent molecular clock study (48). Only a subset of Heliconius wing pattern diversity is represented here.