Table 4.
Adjusted Associations between Carotenoids and sTNF-αR1
| Carotenoid Concentration [µmol/L] |
sTNF-αR1 [pg/mL] |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Carotenoids> | Baseline | 2 months | 6 months | 12 months |
| Total Carotenoids | −513 [−906, −120] (0.01) | −285 [−677, 106] (0.1) | −302 [−694, 88] (0.1) | −197 [−579, 184] (0.3) |
| α-carotene | −2,955 [−5,224, −685] (0.01) | −2,454 [−4,476, −432] (0.02) | −2,194 [−3,408, −980] (0.0004) | −2,034 [−3,415, −671] (0.004) |
| β-carotene | −951 [−1,669, −234] (0.009) | −477 [−1,269, 316] (0.2) | −684 [−1,396, −28] (0.05) | −264 [−1,030, 501] (0.5) |
| β-cryptoxanthin | −4,099 [−7,333, −866] (0.01) | −2,855 [−5,698, −12] (0.05) | −2,332 [−4,943, 279] (0.08) | −1,388 [−3,544, 769] (0.2) |
| Lutein | −1,515 [−3,179, 148] (0.04) | −44 [−1,775, 1,686] (0.9) | −298 [−1,978, 1,381] (0.7) | −851 [−2,667, 964] (0.4) |
| Zeaxanthin | −13,968 [−25,840, −2,096] (0.02) | −6,000 [−17,984, 5,983] (0.3) | −7,641 [−18,404, 3,122] (0.1) | −10,484 [−23,734, 2,765] (0.1) |
| Lycopene | −831 [−1,963, 301] (0.1) | −595 [−1,644, 455] (0.2) | −387 [−1,562, 787] (0.5) | −369 [−1,357, 620] (0.4) |
| Time-varying Carotenoids> | ||||
| Total Carotenoids | −454 [−791, −116] (0.008) | −101 [−335, 132] (0.4) | −72 [−233, 90] (0.4) | −51 [−185, 83] (0.5) |
| α-carotene | −2,955 [−5,224, −685] (0.01) | −2,454 [−4,476, −432] (0.02) | −2,194 [−3,408, −980] (0.0004) | −2,043 [−3,415, −671] (0.004) |
| β-carotene | −777 [−1,393, −161] (0.01) | 1 [−194, 196] (0.9) | −18 [−146, 109] (0.8) | −21 [−146, 103] (0.7) |
| β-cryptoxanthin | −3,899 [−6,815, −982] (0.009) | −1,502 [−3,506, 502] (0.1) | −548 [−2,515, 1,418] (0.5) | −216 [−1,120, 687] (0.6) |
| Lutein | −1,535 [−3,061, −89] (0.05) | −1,237 [−2,662, −188] (0.05) | −1,408 [−2,539, −277] (0.01) | −1,300 [−2,605 −6] (0.05) |
| Zeaxanthin | −12,583 [−23,320, −1,846] (0.02) | −5,758 [−12,639, −1,123] (0.04) | −5,523 [−11,448, −402] (0.03) | −2,310 [−5,867,1,247] (0.2) |
| Lycopene | −855 [−1,897, 186] (0.1) | −584 [−1,255, 87] (0.09) | −513 [−972, −55] (0.03) | −317 [−706, 73] (0.1) |
*
Beta coefficient represents mean difference in sTNF-αR1 with each additional unit of carotenoid, [95% CI], (p value)
**
Bold type represents associations significant at the p = 0.05 level