Table 1.

Hemodynamic Parameters

Parameter	Baseline	Ischemia	Anisotropic
EDP (mmHg)	11.3±4.3	17.3±6.1†	15.9±7.5
EDV* (ml)	78.2±15.5	89.0±18.0†	82.2±16.2‡
ESP (mmHg)	96.1±14.8	94.7±14.3	92.2±9.7
ESV* (ml)	62.7±13.5	75.0±17.7†	66.85±15.4‡
SV (ml)	15.5±3.8	14.0±3.9	15.4±3.5
HR (bpm)	108±10	109±15	111±15
CO (L/min)	1.69±0.51	1.54±0.54	1.70±0.44
max dP/dt (mmHg/s)	1227±337	1220±431	1342±249

Hemodynamic data from 10 dogs that showed a shift in cardiac output curve 45 minutes after coronary ligation. Dogs were pretreated with propranolol and atropine to prevent reflex changes in heart rate and intrinsic myocardial contractility; by design, end-systolic pressure (ESP), heart rate (HR), and maximum dP/dt did not vary significantly during the experiment. During Ischemia, animals compensated for reduced systolic function via the Frank-Starling mechanism, increasing end-diastolic pressure (EDP) and volume (EDV) to maintain stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) despite increased end-systolic volume (ESV). Anisotropic surgical reinforcement significantly reduced EDV and ESV.

^*Midwall volumes include cavity volume and approximately half the LV wall volume.

^†P<0.001 vs. baseline;

^‡P<0.001 vs. ischemia.