Table 3.
Means and standard deviations for the measures of phonological skill, executive function and time perception for each of the four groups; main effects and interactions from the 2×2 ANOVA are also displayed
| TD-control | Dyslexia-only | AS-only | Dyslexia+AS | Main effect | Interaction | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dyslexia | AS | Dyslexia × AS | ||||||||||||||||
| Measure | M | SD | n | M | SD | n | M | SD | n | M | SD | n | F | ηp2 | F | ηp2 | F | ηp2 |
| Phonological skills | ||||||||||||||||||
| Phoneme deletion (18) | 13.31 | 3.80 | 42 | 10.53 | 4.09 | 17 | 11.94 | 4.13 | 17 | 9.76 | 3.59 | 25 | 9.11** | .09 | 1.69 | .02 | .13 | .00 |
| CNRep (40) | 35.37 | 3.69 | 35 | 30.94 | 5.15 | 17 | 32.71 | 5.76 | 17 | 31.36 | 3.77 | 25 | 9.15** | .09 | 1.38 | .02 | 2.61 | .03 |
| Phonemic decoding (63) | 37.82 | 14.44 | 38 | 15.12 | 9.05 | 17 | 29.71 | 19.73 | 17 | 18.76 | 9.77 | 25 | 32.62** | .26 | .58 | .01 | 3.89* | .04 |
| Digit recall (54) | 29.98 | 4.42 | 40 | 26.47 | 4.23 | 17 | 39.00 | 6.59 | 17 | 27.84 | 4.14 | 25 | 5.26* | .05 | .04 | .00 | 1.33 | .01 |
| Executive function | ||||||||||||||||||
| Inhibition (SSRT task) | ||||||||||||||||||
| MRT (ms) | 653.97 | 172.58 | 35 | 663.72 | 142.19 | 17 | 726.93 | 174.30 | 17 | 685.42 | 171.46 | 24 | .19 | .00 | 1.70 | .02 | .50 | .01 |
| SDRT (ms) | 204.65 | 83.63 | 35 | 200.84 | 60.48 | 17 | 257.96 | 85.86 | 17 | 249.10 | 68.24 | 24 | .15 | .00 | 9.37** | .10 | .02 | .00 |
| SSRT (ms) | 316.64 | 103.96 | 35 | 336.47 | 80.10 | 17 | 372.22 | 146.61 | 17 | 369.93 | 126.05 | 24 | .12 | .00 | 3.18 | .04 | .20 | .00 |
| SSD (ms) | 337.33 | 135.05 | 35 | 361.06 | 160.57 | 17 | 354.71 | 173.90 | 17 | 315.49 | 190.15 | 24 | .05 | .00 | .16 | .00 | .80 | .01 |
| Probability of inhibition | .54 | .08 | 35 | .54 | .10 | 17 | .53 | .14 | 17 | .51 | .12 | 24 | .12 | .00 | .86 | .01 | .02 | .00 |
| Memory skills | ||||||||||||||||||
| Listening recall (36) | 12.18 | 3.02 | 39 | 12.94 | 3.78 | 17 | 10.59 | 5.09 | 17 | 11.08 | 3.57 | 25 | .62 | .01 | 4.72* | .05 | .03 | .00 |
| Block recall (54) | 26.59 | 4.82 | 37 | 25.65 | 3.77 | 17 | 23.41 | 3.64 | 17 | 25.04 | 4.72 | 25 | .13 | .00 | 3.95* | .04 | 1.83 | .03 |
| Sustained attention | ||||||||||||||||||
| Score! raw score (10) | 7.43 | 2.34 | 35 | 7.06 | 2.14 | 17 | 5.69 | 2.87 | 16 | 5.72 | 2.41 | 25 | .10 | .00 | 8.52** | .09 | .15 | .00 |
| Time perception | ||||||||||||||||||
| Duration discrimination threshold (ms) | 399.06 | 203.79 | 39 | 477.36 | 109.16 | 17 | 466.21 | 232.78 | 17 | 584.03 | 226.93 | 25 | 5.10* | .05 | 4.00* | .04 | .21 | .00 |
| ‘Catch-trial’ errors | .02 | .06 | 39 | .01 | .04 | 17 | .10 | .17 | 17 | .12 | .14 | 25 | .05 | .00 | 15.94** | .15 | .51 | .01 |
| TTRE (ms) | 1336.45 | 1036.55 | 35 | 1287.89 | 755.67 | 16 | 1621.76 | 926.83 | 17 | 2064.17 | 998.05 | 25 | .88 | .01 | 6.38* | .07 | 1.37 | .02 |
Note: TTRE = total time reproduction error; SSRT = stop signal reaction time; SSD = stop signal delay; MRT = mean reaction time; SDRT = standard deviation of reaction time, *p < .05, **p < .01.