Table 2.

Prospective association of total 25(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency with depressive symptoms assessed by short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire at age 10.6 years (n = 2,759; vitamin D status assessed at mean age 9.2 years) and age 13.8 years (n = 2,752; vitamin D status assessed at mean age 9.8 years)

		OR for category decrease per doubling of exposure (95% CI)
Outcome	Exposure	Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c
Depressive symptoms at age 10.6 years	Vitamin D deficiency	0.97 (0.87, 1.08)	0.97 (0.88, 1.09)	0.98 (0.87, 1.09)
	Vitamin D insufficiency	1.00 (0.90, 1.11)	1.02 (0.91, 1.16)	1.01 (0.90, 1.13)
Depressive symptoms at age 13.8 years	Vitamin D deficiency	1.20 (1.08, 1.33)	1.19 (1.07, 1.33)	1.21 (1.08, 1.36)
	Vitamin D insufficiency	1.26 (1.12, 1.42)	1.26 (1.13, 1.41)	1.27 (1.12, 1.42)

OR, odds ratio.

^aModel 1 is unadjusted.

^bModel 2 is adjusted for ethnicity, age, gender, head of household social class, mothers and partners education, time spent outdoors during summer (age 8.5 years), UVB protection score, WISC IQ score at 8.5 years, BMI, maternal history of psychiatric problems and puberty stage.

^cModel 3 is adjusted for Model 2 plus serum concentrations of phosphate, albumin-adjusted calcium and parathyroid hormone.