Table 2.
Included prospective studies of circulating levels of 25(OH)D and risk of colon and rectal cancers
| Study name* | First author, year (Ref no.) | Country (Sex)† | Age at blood donation in controls (years) | Study dates (Follow-up) | 25(OH)D, mean or median | Colon | Rectum | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||
| 25(OH)D levels in the top vs. bottom quantiles | No. of cases/controls | OR (95% CI) in the quantiles ‡ | 25(OH)D levels in the top vs. bottom quantiles | No. of cases/controls | OR (95% CI) in the quantiles ‡ | ||||||
| CLUE A§ | Garland, 1989 (11) | US (M, W) | 74.7% in 45–74 year | 1975–1983 | 30.5 in cases and 33.3 ng/mL in controls, mean | 42 vs. 19 ng/mL, cutoff | 34/67 | Q1–Q5 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 1.0 (ref), 0.48, 0.25, 0.21, 0.73 (0.20–2.66) | |||||||||||
| CLUE B§ | Braun, 1995 (18) | US (M, W) | 55, median | 1984–1991 | 23.6 in cases and 23.2 ng/mL in controls, mean | 30.1 vs. 17.2 ng/mL, cutoff | 57/114 | Q1–Q5 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 1.0 (ref), 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | |||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.57 | |||||||||||
| ATBC§ | Tangrea, 1997 (14) | Finland (M) | 60, median | 1985–1993 | 12.1 in cases and 13.8 ng/mL in controls, mean | 19.3 vs. 9.8 ng/mL, cutoff | 91/181 | Q1–Q4 | 19.2 vs. 9.8 ng/mL, cutoff | 55/109 | Q1–Q4 |
| 1.0 (ref), 0.6, 0.8, 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 1.0 (ref), 0.9, 0.8, 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | ||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.69 | P-trend = 0.06 | ||||||||||
| NHS|| | Feskanich, 2004 (7)¶ | US (W) | 60.0, mean | 1989–2000 | 23.6 in cases and 24.3 ng/mL in controls in lab1, 27.0 in cases and 30.3 ng/mL in controls in lab2, mean | 28.7 vs. 18.9 ng/mL in lab1, 35.9 vs. 23.6 ng/mL in lab 2, cutoff | 149/295 | Q1–Q4 | 27.2 vs. 20.5 ng/mL in lab1, 33.5 vs. 26.1 ng/mL in lab 2, cutoff | 44/88 | Q1–Q3 |
| 1.0 (ref), 1.03, 0.54, 0.70 (0.35–1.38) | 1.0 (ref), 0.52, 0.31 (0.08–1.31) | ||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.17 | P-trend = 0.03 | ||||||||||
| HPFS|| | Wu, 2007 (8) | US (M) | 66.1, mean | 1993–2002 | 28.7 in cases and 29.4 ng/mL in controls, mean | 38.8 vs. 19.3 ng/mL, median | 139/276 | Q1–Q4 | 37.4 vs. 21.2 ng/mL, median | 40/80 | Q1–Q3 |
| 1.0 (ref), 0.74, 0.29, 0.46 (0.24–0.89) | 1.0 (ref), 1.74, 3.32 (0.87–12.69) | ||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.005 | P-trend = 0.08 | ||||||||||
| WHI§ | Wactawski-Wende, 2006 (10) **,†† | US (W) | 50–79, range | 1993–2005 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 23.4 vs. 12.4 ng/mL, cutoff | 68/68 | Q1–Q4 |
| 3.40 (1.13–10.21) ‡‡, 1.08, 3.41, 1.00 (ref) | |||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.22 | |||||||||||
| JPHS|| | Otani, 2007 (13) | Japan (M) | 56.9, mean | 1990–2003 | 27.3 in cases and 27.6 ng/mL in controls, median | 35.6 vs. 19.9 ng/mL, median | 119/237 | Q1–Q4 | 35.6 vs. 19.9 ng/mL, median | 44/87 | Q1–Q4 |
| 1.0 (ref), 0.98, 1.0, 1.2 (0.51–2.7) | 1.0 (ref), 0.17, 0.25, 0.075 (0.0057–0.99) | ||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.70 | P-trend = 0.06 | ||||||||||
| Japan (W) | 56.4, mean | 1990–2003 | 22.5 in cases and 22.3 ng/mL in controls, median | 31.4 vs. 16.6 ng/mL, median | 106/195 | Q1–Q4 | 31.4 vs. 16.6 ng/mL, median | 54/102 | Q1–Q4 | ||
| 1.0 (ref), 1.7, 2.1, 2.1 (0.78–5.6) | 1.0 (ref), 0.26, 0.46, 0.33 (0.084–1.3) | ||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.12 | P-trend = 0.17 | ||||||||||
| EPIC||,§ | Jenab, 2010 (9)†† | Europe (M, W) | 58.7 for colon, 58.0 for rectum, mean | 1992–2003 | 20.7 in cases and 22.9 ng/mL in controls for colon, 22.0 in cases and 22.0 ng/mL in controls for rectum, geometric mean | 39.7 vs. 13.2 ng/mL, median | 785/785 | Q1–Q5 | 41.7 vs. 12.8 ng/mL, median | 463/463 | Q1–Q5 |
| 1.0 (ref),. 0.77, 0.65, 0.66, 0.47 (0.33–0.68) | 1.0 (ref), 1.29, 1.06, 1.18, 0.89 (0.56–1.43) | ||||||||||
| P-trend<0.001 | P-trend=0.647 | ||||||||||
| MEC|| | Woolcott, 2010 (12)§§ | US (M,W) | 69.2, mean | 2001–2006 | 23.2 in cases and 25.0 ng/mL in controls, mean | 32.8 vs. 16.8 ng/mL, cutoff | 170/319 | Q1–Q5 | 32.8 vs. 16.8 ng/mL, cutoff | 43/83 | Q1–Q5 |
| 1.0 (ref), 0.82, 0.70, 0.73, 0.83 (0.42–1.63) | 1.0 (ref), 0.55, 0.34, 0.28, 0.28 (0.06–1.38) | ||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.17 | P-trend = 0.02 | ||||||||||
| PHS|| | Lee (present study) | US (M) | 56.6, mean | 1982–2000 | 26.6 in cases and 25.6 ng/mL in controls, mean | 36.8 vs. 14.9 ng/mL, median | 172/287 | Q1–Q4 | 39.2 vs. 17.9 ng/mL, median | 57/102 | Q1–Q4 |
| 1.0 (ref), 0.95, 1.34, 1.38 (0.73–2.64) | 1.0 (ref), 0.53, 0.42, 0.45 (0.14–1.46) | ||||||||||
| P-trend = 0.35 | P-trend = 0.05 | ||||||||||
ATBC = Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; CLUE = from the campaign slogan, “Give us a CLUE to cancer”; EPIC = European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HPFS = Health Professionals Follow-up Study; JPHC = Japan Public Health Center Study; MEC = Multiethnic Cohort Study; NHS = Nurses’ Health Study; PHS = Physicians’ Health study; WHI = Women’s Health Initiative
M = men; W= women
Q1–Q5 = quintiles; Q1–Q4 = quartiles; Q1–Q3 = tertiles
Serum specimen was used.
Plasma specimen was used.
Estimates of quantile cutoff were obtained from the investigator of the Nurses’ Health Study
Estimates for rectal cancer were obtained from the Publications and Presentations committee of the Women’s Health Initiative
The conversion factor for 25(OH)D from nmol/L to ng/mL is 0.401
For top vs. bottom quartiles, OR (95% CI) = 0.29 (0.098–0.89)
Estimates for colon and rectal cancers were obtained from the investigator of the Multiethnic Cohort Study