Table 1.

Protophones identified by the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development-Revised (SAEVD-R). Full operational definitions for vocalization types can be found in Nathani et al., (in press).

SAEVD-R Levels	Vocalization Types
1. Reflexive	Single or multiple productions of Quasi-resonant nuclei 1
2. Control of Phonation	Single or multiple productions of Closants2, Closant-vocant3 productions, Fully-resonant nuclei4
3. Expansion	Single or multiple productions of Vocants, Vowel glides5, Ingressive sounds, Squeals, Marginal babbling6
4. Basic Canonical Syllables	Single CV syllables, Reduplicated and non-reduplicated syllable strings, Whispered vocalizations, Disyllables (CVCV), CV syllable followed by a consonant
5. Advanced Forms	Diphthongs, Jargon7, Complex syllables (VC, VCV, CCV, VCVC, CCVC)

¹brief, grunt-like sounds;

²consonant-like productions such as clicks or “raspberries;”

³vowel-like productions;

⁴longer, grunt-like sounds;

⁵vowels that gradually change in identity;

⁶series of closants and vocants or series of vowel glides in which the transition between closant and vocant is prolonged;

⁷utterances with more than two syllables and at least two different Cs and Vs and changing stress and/or intonation patterns.