Table 2. Effects of VEGF on intramembranous ossification.

Methods	Materials	Effects	References
In vivo	Rat tibial fracture defects	VEGF enhanced fracture bone repair	49
	Tibial cortical bone defects	Improved direct bone repair	27
	Rat glenoid fossa	Maximum level of VEGF expression and new bone formation in the posterior region of the glenoid fossa during natural growth and forward mandibular positioning. Greatest amount of VEGF expression precedes the greatest increase in new bone formation	36
	Rat glenoid fossa	Secretion of growth factors and cytokines by vascular endothelial cells was enhanced	48
	Rabbit parietal bone defects	Combination of VEGF and DBMIM is a good graft material	8
	Mouse tibia distraction osteogenesis	Both KDR and Flt-1 play important roles in neovascularisation and bone formation during distraction osteogenesis	52
In vitro	Distraction osteogenesis	Optimal angiogenic response and rate of distraction are closely related	51

DBMIM, demineralized intramembranous bone matrix; Flt-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1; KDR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.