Table 1.
Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics divided in four groups according to the applied coercive intervention(s) during the first 24 h
| Demographic and Clinical characteristics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
Coercive experience |
|
||||
|
Variable |
N* |
Group 1 Seclusion only |
Group 2 Involuntary medication only |
Group 3 Combined Seclusion & medication |
Group 4 Combined Seclusion & mechanical restraint |
P |
|
|
N = 62 |
N = 18 |
N = 34 |
N = 11** |
|
|||
|
N (%)/Mean (SD) |
N (%)/Mean (SD) |
N (%)/Mean (SD) |
N (%)/Mean (SD) |
||||
| Male gender |
125 |
36(58%) |
11(61%) |
24(71%) |
10(91%) |
0.2 |
|
| Mean age |
125 |
36(12) |
38(13) |
39(13) |
35(15) |
0.6 |
|
| Married status: single |
118 |
45(48%) |
15(16%) |
25(27%) |
9 (10%) |
0.7 |
|
|
Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1st & 2nd generation immigrants |
120 |
13(22%) |
5(28%) |
7(22%) |
3(27%) |
0.9 |
|
|
Legal status upon admission |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Involuntary commitment |
119 |
37(65%) |
12(67%) |
24(73%) |
9(82%) |
0.7 |
|
| Coercive experience during previous admissions |
106 |
19(36%) |
2(13%) |
17(63%) |
5(46%) |
0.01¹ |
|
|
Patients and their diagnosis*** |
119 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Psychotic disorder |
46 |
16(27%) |
7(39%) |
17(53%) |
6(60%) |
0.0452 |
|
| Mood disorder |
39 |
20(34%) |
6(33%) |
12(38%) |
1(10%) |
0.4 |
|
| Personality disorder |
14 |
5(9%) |
6(33%) |
3(9%) |
0 |
- |
|
| Addiction |
31 |
19(32%) |
5(28%) |
4(13%) |
3(30%) |
0.2 |
|
| PTSD |
5 |
3(5%) |
0 |
2(6%) |
0 |
- |
|
| Oral (versus intramuscular) administration of medication |
52 |
X |
14(78%) |
12(43%) |
2(50%) |
0.08 |
|
| Level of coercion at the start of the measure |
115 |
3.6(3) |
3(3) |
4.8(3) |
5.8(3.8) |
0.08 |
|
| Mean duration seclusion episode in hours**** |
105 |
21(31) |
X |
31(38) |
65(67) |
0.13 |
|
|
Mean score GAF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pre-measurement |
125 |
44 (9) |
41 (9) |
41 (11) |
35 (12) |
0.033 |
|
| Post-measurement |
122 |
60(16) |
54(16) |
54(14) |
54(20) |
0.2 |
|
| Change score**** |
122 |
16(14) |
12(15) |
14(15) |
19(20) |
0.3 |
|
|
Mean score Uncooperativeness (PANSS) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pre-measurement***** |
125 |
5(1.5) |
5(1.5) |
6(1.4) |
6(1) |
0.0014 |
|
| Post-measurement |
119 |
3(1) |
4(2) |
3(2) |
4(2) |
0.4 |
|
| Change score |
119 |
−1.7(1.7) |
−1(1.9) |
−2.5(2) |
−2(2) |
0.1 |
|
|
Mean score Lack of judgment and Insight (PANSS) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pre-measurement***** |
125 |
5(1.5) |
5(1.5) |
6(1.6) |
6(0.9) |
0.0015 |
|
| Post-measurement |
119 |
3.5(1) |
4.3(1.9) |
4.2(1.7) |
4.8(1.6) |
0.03 |
|
| Change score |
119 |
−1.2(1.5) |
-.9(1.7) |
−1.6(1.7) |
−1.4(1.8) |
0.5 |
|
|
Mean score SDAS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pre-measurement |
125 |
18(9) |
18(7) |
21(8) |
22(10) |
0.2 |
|
| Post-measurement**** |
119 |
7(7) |
11(9) |
8(8) |
10(12) |
0.5 |
|
| Change score | 119 | −11(9) | −7(9) | −13(9) | −14(9) | 0.1 | |
* The n and the percentage of respondents vary across the variables, because some of the clinical files were incomplete.
** This includes one patient who received extra involuntary medication and 3 patients who received prn medication.
*** 20% of the patients had more than one diagnose.
**** Analyses were conducted with the logarithmic transformed scores to normalize the distribution.
***** Non-parametric tests (Kruskal Wallis & Mann Whitney U) were used.
Post-hoc analyses:
¹ Group 3 differs significantly from group 1 & group 2.
2 Group 1 differs significantly from group 3.
3 Group 1 differs significantly from group 4.
4 Group 1 & 2 differs significantly from group 3 & group 4.
5 Group 1 differs significantly from group 3 & group 4; group 2 differs significantly from group 4.