Table 1. Formal Properties of English Abstract and Concrete Nouns.

1	Prefixation is ten times more likely to occur in abstract nouns.
2	Suffixation is four times more likely to occur in abstract nouns.
3	Abstract nouns show higher rates of consonant clustering.
4	Abstract nouns are longer both in total syllables and in phonemes.
5	Compounding (e.g., bulldog) is twice as likely to occur in concrete nouns.
6	Concrete nouns are most commonly monomorphemic.
7	Concrete nouns typically hold first syllable stress.
8	Abstract nouns show more variable syllable stress patterns and are more likely to carry non-initial stress as word length increases.
9	Etymologies of concrete and abstract nouns differ significantly. Abstract nouns are most often derived from Latinate. Concrete nouns are more frequently of Germanic origin.
10	Abstract nouns have fewer similar-sounding neighbors (i.e., sparse phonological and orthographic neighborhood density).