Table 1.
Demographic characteristics
| CO-O | CO-Y | PD+ICB | PD−ICB | Addicts | Gamblers | t value, χ2 and F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Participants(no.) | 18 | 18 | 26 | 27 | 13 | 23 | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Age (yrs) | 58.9±12.7 | 33.2±5.5 | 58.7±10.0 | 65.3±5.3 | 32.0±7.1 | 38.0±9.3 | F=58.8 | <0.001* |
|
| ||||||||
| Gender (male) | 15 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 12 | 23 | χ2=6.8 | 0.25 |
|
| ||||||||
| Average draws across all trials | 1.9±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 | 0.15±0.1 | 1.2±0.1 | 0.07±0.1 | 0.9±0.1 | χ2=191 | <0.001* |
|
| ||||||||
| At PD onset | 47.7±9.5 | 55.3±7.4 | t=3.28 | 0.002* | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| PD Disease duration (yrs) | 11.0±4.1 | 10.0±6.5 | t=0.52 | 0.48 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Education (yrs) | 13.6±3.2 | 13.9±2.2 | 13.1±2.8 | 14.8±2.5 | 12.0±1.9 | 14.5±2.0 | F=3.1 | 0.011* |
|
| ||||||||
| ICB current | 20 | |||||||
| ICB (>3–12months) | 6 | |||||||
| Gambling (yrs) | 12.1±7.4 | |||||||
| Gambling stopped (months) | 1.8±2.7 | |||||||
| Drug abuse (yrs) | 12.0±5.1 | |||||||
| Replacement therapy (yrs) | 1.4±1.3 | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| LEU dose(mg/day) | 934.2±407 | 740.1±369 | t=1.8 | 0.072 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| PD patients currently using DA (N) | 13/26 | 21/27 | χ2=5.1 | 0.024* | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| UPDRS on | 16.2±10.6 | 21.1±9.0 | t=1.7 | 0.09 | ||||
| UPDRS off | 31.0±11.3 | 32.1±10.6 | t=0.5 | 0.6 | ||||
| Improvement in UPRDS (%) | 47.7 | 34.2 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Hypersexuality | 12 | |||||||
| PG | 13 | 3 | 23 | |||||
| Casino games | - | 15 | ||||||
| Sport betting | 2 | 12 | ||||||
| Stock markets | - | 2 | ||||||
| Slot machines | 8 | 3 | ||||||
| Bingo | 4 | - | ||||||
| Scratch cards | 2 | - | ||||||
| Punding | 7 | |||||||
| Shopping | 5 | |||||||
| Substance abuse | 3(past) | 13 | 1 (past) | |||||
| i.v. opiods | 12 | |||||||
| i.v. heroin | 4 | |||||||
| cannabis | 3 | |||||||
| cocaine | 1 | |||||||
| morphine | 1 | |||||||
UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; LEU = L-dopa equivalent units; DA = dopamine agonists. All values are mean ±SD. Significant differences are labeled with “*”. Controls (CO-O, elderly controls; CO-Y, young controls), PD patients with (PD+ICB) and without (PD−ICB) impulsive compulsive behaviors, addicts (=illicit substance abusers) and pathological gamblers.