Table 4.

Regression models for out-of-pocket costs

	Bivariate sample selection				IV bivariate sample selectiona
	Participation eq.		Outcome eq.		Participation eq.		Outcome eq.
Variable	Coeff	t-value	Coeff	t-value	Coeff	t-value	Coeff	t-value
Health index	0.00	0.04	−0.09	−2.38	−0.04	−0.50	0.05	0.32
Private insurance	0.61	5.27	0.08	0.28	0.61	5.27	0.08	0.29
Log wage	0.02	0.42	0.14	1.51	0.04	0.74	0.08	0.91
a = (Age − 50)/10	0.27	6.35	−0.10	−1.45	0.26	4.22	−0.04	−0.38
a2	0.01	0.55	−0.02	−0.64	0.02	0.70	−0.03	−0.86
Secondary education	0.11	1.21	−0.04	−0.21	0.14	1.23	−0.13	−0.54
Tertiary education	0.09	0.78	0.15	0.67	0.14	0.85	−0.04	−0.12
Wife’s education	0.00	0.16	0.00	−0.11	0.00	0.30	−0.01	−0.36
Black	−0.08	−1.26	−0.32	−2.53	−0.10	−1.30	−0.24	−1.79
Other race	−0.08	−0.80	−0.28	−1.42	−0.08	−0.82	−0.28	−1.39
Married	−0.02	−0.12	0.10	0.29	−0.05	−0.23	0.19	0.49
Suburban	−0.02	−0.43	0.16	1.61	−0.02	−0.43	0.15	1.59
Rural	0.00	−0.01	0.32	1.85	−0.01	−0.07	0.33	1.97
Household size	−0.02	−0.85	−0.04	−0.81	−0.02	−0.80	−0.04	−0.92
Constant	0.15	0.73	6.25	16.95	0.29	0.78	5.80	9.85
N	4,499		3,224 – 3,247b		4,499		3,224 – 3,247b

^aThe first stage F statistic for the IV regression is 88.9.

^bThe number of positive observations varies between imputed data sets.