Table 2.

Overview of the results of the feasibility of the assessments as reported in the article*

First author, year (reference)	Sample size	Location and timing of geriatric assessment†	Time needed to complete the assessment	Assessment completed by	Results of the geriatric assessment	Other information about feasibility
Geriatric assessment studied in a prospective observational study design
Aaldriks,     2011 (18)	202	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	NR	10% were frail by MMSE score, 32% by MNA score, 37% by GFI score, and 15% by IQCODE score	NR
Aparicio,     2011 (19)	21	During admission or stay at inpatient ward, before chemotherapy	NR	Gastroenterologist	MGA (CGA): 43% (38%) had mental status abnormality, 43% (43%) depression, 48% (33%) dependence, 67% (71%) nutrition problems, 62% (52%) comorbidities, 38% (48%) polypharmacy, 33% (33%) living situation (including caregiver support and fall hazards in the home), and 65% (50%) low hemoglobin levels or creatinin clearance	NR
Arnoldi,     2007 (20)	153	Outpatients, timing NR	NR	NR	109 were not frail, 30 borderline, and 14 frail. The functional status in all three groups was not severely compromised	NR
Audisio,     2008 (21)‡	460	During admission, before surgery	PACE was administered in a 20-min interview	Trial nurse or student physician	Of the 90% classified as having a PS score of 0 or 1, 11% had ADL disability, 11% MMSE score <24, 23% GDS score >4, 28% moderate or severe BFI score and 35% IADL dependence, and 61% had an abnormal outcome on at least one other PACE component	NR
Bailey,     2003 (22),     2004 (23)§	337	Location NR, before treatment and after treatment	NR	NR	NR	NR
Bamias,     2007 (24)	34	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy, after treatment	NR	NR	68% had PS score >2, 65% had comorbidities, median VES-13 score was 6. Two patients were classified as group 1 (PS score 0), 24 in group 2 (PS score 1), and 6 in group 3 (PS score 2 and 3)	NR
Bylow,     2008 (25)||	50	In hospital, after at least 3 mo of ADT	NR	NR	24% and 42% had impairments in ADL and IADL, respectively; 24% had abnormal SPMSQ score, 14% had fatigue, and 8% were nutritionally deficient. 56% had abnormal SPPB findings and 22% had fallen in the previous 3 mo	50/58 completed assess- ment
Castagneto,     2004 (26)	25	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy and after three courses of chemotherapy and at the end of treatment	NR	NR	2 patients had ADL disability, 6 patients IADL disability, 4 patients scored positive on the GDS. 11 patients were fully independent according to CGA parameters	Two patients refused CGA evaluation
Chaibi,     2011 (27)	161	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy, after tumor board recommendation	NR	NR	47% had at least one comorbidity, 32% had ADL disability and 67% had IADL disability, 40% were at risk for malnutrition, and 25% were malnourished, 76% had geriatric interventions, 28% had higher dose intensity after CGA, and adherence to planned dose intensity was possible for 71% of patients	NR
Clough-Gorr,     2010 (73)	660	Location NR, after surgery	45min (average)	Physicians	42% had CCI score ≥1, 85% had good self-rated health, 21% were obese, 37% had ≥1 physical limitation, 69% had good mental health, 51% had good level of social support, 43% had deficits in ≥3 domains	NR
Extermann,     2004 (74)	15	Before chemotherapy, before radiation, after surgery at initial Senior Adult Oncology Program outpatient visit	NR	Multidisciplinary team	Median number of comorbidities was 5; 10 patients were at pharmacological risk, 5 were at psychosocial risk, and 8 were at nutritional risk. Patients had an average of six problems at baseline and three new problems during follow-up	2/15 refused assessment
Freyer,     2004 (28)	26	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	NR	26 patients were included, MGA done for 19 patients (reasons why the 7 other patients were not assessed, NR)	NR
Freyer,     2005 (29)	83	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	Study author	73.5% completely independent at home, 40% on ≥4 drugs per day, mean MMSE score 27	NR
Fukuse,     2005 (100)	120	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before surgery	NR	Study authors	65% had one or more comorbidities, 12.5% had a BMI <18.5 and 14.2% had a BMI >25kg/m2 (1.8% had PS score <2 and 89.7 had no ADL disability. 91.4% had a normal MMSE score	NR
Hurria,     2006 (30)	20 (19 were evaluable)	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	NR	Median ADL score = 18 (maximum 18), median IADL score = 20 (maximum 21), median KPS score = 80, median CCI score = 3, and median GDS score = 2	NR
Hurria,     2006 (32)¶	50 (49 were evaluable)	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy, at start and 6 mo after completion of treatment	NR	Investigator, who was also physician, or other member of study team	Pretreatment median scores: ADL = 17; IADL = 21; GDS = 2; CCI = 3; FACT-B: physical wellbeing = 26, social wellbeing = 26, emotional wellbeing = 20, functional wellbeing = 22, breast scale = 27, and total = 117. Mean BMI = 28kg/m2	NR
Hurria,     2006 (31)¶	31 (28 participated in neuro psycholo- gical tests)	Before chemotherapy, at start, and 6 mo after completion of treatment	NR	NR	Of 28 patients, 3 scored ≥2 SD below the published norms on two or more neuropsychological tests at baseline and 6 mo after chemotherapy; 8 patients scored ≥2 SD below published norms for two or more neuropsychological tests	NR
Kothari,     2011 (33)	60	Outpatient preoperative clinic visit, before surgery	NR	Patient completed questionnaire	One patient died within 30 d of surgery. Major complications were observed in 8 patients and 6 patients were discharged to a location other than home	NR
Kristjansson,     2010     (71,75)#	182	Location in hospital, not mentioned if in- or outpatient, before surgery	20–80 min	Investigator, who was also a physician	21 patients were classified as fit, 81 as intermediate, and 76 as frail according to a modified Balducci classification; 28 patients had ADL dependency, 41 had severe comorbidity, 11 took ≥8 medications/d, 16 had malnutrition, 12 had cognitive impairment, and 18 had depression. 3 died after surgery, 107 experienced complications, 83% of which were severe	Patients with some degree of cognitive impairment were interviewed in presence of their caregiver, data with regard to functional status was confirmed by nursing home staff or hospital staff
Marenco     2008 (34)	571	Initial outpatient visit, before treatment	NR	NR	18% had BMI<21kg/m2, mean CIRS score = 17, mean KPS score = 68; 28% had ADL disability, mean IADL score = 9, mean SPMSQ score = 1	NR
Marinello,     2008 (35)	110	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	NR	50% had CIRS score >6; 55% had SPMSQ score of 0; 78% did not live alone; most had good ADL, IADL, and KPS scores (no results reported); 66% experienced some treatment failure, 13% died, 40% had grade 3 or 4 toxicity, and 17% had treatment interrupted	NR
Massa,     2006 (36)	10	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12wk of treatment	The authors indicated that assess-ment was “brief”	NR	At baseline, 4 patients had a MMSE score <23	NR
Massa (76)	75	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before treatment	NR	NR	26 patients were classified as fit, 23 as intermediate, and 26 as frail (unclear how defined)	NR
Presant,     2005 (37)	26	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	10–15min	Performed by medical assistant after only 15min of training; however, some scales completed incorrectly and not evaluable (rates of evaluable responses: pain 83%, energy 96%, QOL 91%, longer ADL and IADL forms both 52%	Mean scores: ADL 22, IADL 18, pain 1.4, energy 2.1, QOL 2.3	Study authors reported that patients found the question- naire easy to complete and useful in communi- cating symptoms to physicians; easy to administer and short time for completion; completed by patient or patient plus family with no additional help
Puts,     2010 (94),     2011     (95)**	112	During visit to outpatient clinic or during admission, before treatment	Mean 45min (IQR = 40–55 min)	Investigators	88% had ≥1 frailty marker, 54% had mobility impairment, 45% were physically inactive,40% had poor nutritional status, 28% had fatigue, 24% had cognitive impairment, 23% had mood disturbance, 21% had low grip strength, 35% had IADL disability, and 11% had ADL disability	92% did not feel interview was too long, 78% had complete assess- ments
Rao,     2005 (38)	99	During admission or stay at inpatient ward	NR	NR	27 patients received usual in- or outpatient care, 19 received geriatric inpatient and usual outpatient care, 28 received usual inpatient and geriatric outpatient care, and 25 received geriatric in- and outpatient care	NR
Tredan,     2007 (39)	83 (Trial I), 75 (Trial II)	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	NR	Presence of clinical symptoms of depression, abnormal MMSE scores, and number of medications taken daily were more frequent in CC group than in CP group; at least 1 IADL dependency was reported among 38 patients in CP group, none in CC group, median HADS score = 12 in CP group	NR
Tucci,     2009 (40)	84	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before surgery, before radiation	15 min	Physician and registered nurse	50% were classified as fit and 50% as unfit (Balducci classification)	NR
Wedding,     2007     (41)††	427	During admission before chemotherapy	NR	NR	In 427 patients, 35% had an ADL score <100% (indicating disability), 28.4% had an IADL score <8 (indicating disability), and 30% had ≥1 comorbidities	NR
Geriatric assessment studied in a cross-sectional study design
Bearz,     2007 (42)	22	NR	NR	NR	5 patients were scored as unfit, 8 patients were scored as frail, and 9 were scored as fit using the investigators’ own classification scheme (frail = patients aged ≥80 y, or patients aged ≥70 y with ≥3 grade 3 comorbidities, or patients with 1 grade 4 comorbidity and an ADL disability in ≥1 items or a geriatric syndrome	NR
Bylow,     2011 (43)	134	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, case patients received at least 6 mo of ADT	NR	Data were from patients and medical chart	Using the modified Fried frailty criteria, 8.7% of patients were frail, 56.6% were prefrail vs 2.9% and 48.8%, respectively, in the control group (men with a history of prostate cancer after surgery or radiation, not on ADT and with no evidence of disease using PSA). 32% of patients vs 24% of control subjects had SPPB score <10. 14.3% of patients had reported a fall in the previous 6 mo vs 2.8% of control subjects	NR
Di Mauro,     2000 (44)	108	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	NR	NR	Average Satariano and Ragland comorbidity score was 2.5 in the cancer patients, 33% had depressive symptoms, 21% had an MMSE score <24	NR
Dujon,     2006 (45)	41	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before treatment	30min (average)	Two investigators, who were also physicians	50% had ADL disability and 95% had IADL disability, 29% had a MMSE score <24, 17% had a PINI score >20, average CCI score was 2.7	NR
Extermann,     1998 (46)	203	Initial visit to Senior Adult Oncology Program	NR	Multidisciplinary team	79% had no ADL disability, 44% had no IADL disability, 31% had ECOG PS score of 0, 64% had a CCI score of 0, and 6% had a score of 0 on CIRS-G	NR
Girones,     2010 (47)	91	Follow-up visit in outpatient oncology clinic	30–40 min	Investigator, who was also a physician	4% had no ADL disability, 37% had no IADL disability, 10% had PS score of 2, median CCI score was 2, 28% had a geriatric syndrome, 37% were defined as frail according to the Balducci classification	NR
Girre,     2008 (48)	105	In geriatric oncology clinic, timing NR	10 min	Investigator, who was also a physician	58% were independent in ADL, 46% were independent in IADL, 20% had good nutritional status, 20% had impaired mobility, 53% had depressive symptoms, 33% had ≥2 comorbid conditions, 74% took ≥3 drugs	NR
Hurria,     2005     (88)	43 agreed to participate (40 partici- pated)	The assessment was completed in physician’s office during outpatient visit	Mean time to complete = 27min (SD = 10min, range = 8–45min)	Patient and interviewer together	63% had the maximum IADL score, 28% reported one or more falls, 8% reported clinically significant anxiety or depression, 45% had limitations in social activities, 5% had low BMI, and 48% reported weight loss	78% did not need assistance to complete, 83% said the assessment was easy to understand, 90% were satisfied with the length of the question- naire, 100% stated no items were upsetting
Hurria,     2007     (89)‡‡	250 (245 completed survey)	The patients were mailed the questionnaire prior to appointment or received it at their appointment	Mean time to complete = 15min (SD = 10min, range = 2–60min). ESL patients took most time	Patient	Mean ADL score 12 (maximum 14), 49% had IADL disability, 74% had KPS score >70%, 21% had a fall, 94% had ≥1 comorbidity, 21% rated their distress score >5, 20% were underweight, and 26% had lost weight	78% completed without assistance; of those who needed assistance, 19% got it from friends or family. 94% said that the question- naire was easy to under- stand and 91% were satisfied with its length. 89% had complete question- naires
Hurria,     2009     (90)‡‡	245	Patients were mailed the questionnaire prior to appointment or received it at their appointment	Mean time to complete = 15min (SD = 10min, range = 2–60min). ESL patients took most time	Patient	41% reported a distress score of ≥4
Ingram,     2002 (85)	154	Questionnaire was sent 2wk prior to scheduled appointments for initial consultations and follow-up appointments	NR	Patient	Mean number of medications was 6, mean number of comorbidities was 5, 69% had ADL disability, 58% had IADL disability, mean pain score was 4.2 (range = 0–10), 76% rated their health as fair or poor, 32% and 26% scored positive for depression and anxiety, respectively	Response rate to mail question- naire was 64%
Kellen,     2010 (49)	113	NR	It took 15min to complete the three screening instruments, and 30min for the CGA	Trained medical staff	GFI classified 31% as vulnerable, the VES-13 classified 49% as vulnerable (classification by aCGA NR)	NR
Kim,     2011 (50)	65	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	Trained geriatric nurse	25% had CCI score ≥2, 23% had ADL disability, 14% had IADL disability, 51% had mild cognitive impairment, 40% had depression. Frail patients had statistically significantly poorer PS and worse global health and QOL scores compared with nonfrail patients	NR
Luciani,     2010 (51)	419	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before treatment	NR	NR	53% were vulnerable according to the VES-13, 30% had ADL disability, and 25% had IADL disability	NR
Lynch,     2007 (52)	85	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	NR	Social work intern	Most frequently reported need was emotional support, followed by caregiver support and transportation issues	NR
Mantovani,     2004 (53)	84 older cancer patients, 59 adult cancer patients	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	NR	NR	15% of elderly patients had severe functional impairment, 46% had IADL disability, 16% had depression according to BDI scores, 41% had MMSE score <24, 29% had MNA score <12	NR
Mohile,     2007 (78)||	58 agreed to participate and 50 had data	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	NR	NR	50% were impaired according to the VES-13 score (60% according to CGA)	50/58 had complete assessment
Mohile,     2009 (54)	12 480	NR	NR	Investigator used data from databases	Persons with a history of cancer had a higher prevalence of ADL and IADL disabilities and geriatric syndromes, low self-rated health, a VES-13 score >3, and frailty according to the Balducci classification compared with persons without cancer	NR
Molina-     Garrido,     2011 (55)	41	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	Investigator who was also physician	37% had ADL disability, 46% had IADL disability, 2% were at social risk, 46% had no comorbidity, 42% had 1 comorbidity, 10% had 2 comorbidities, and 2% had 3 comorbidities, 20% had a cognitive deficit using the Pfeiffer scale, 34% were at risk of malnutrition, and 39% took >4 drugs	NR
Molina-     Garrido,     2011 (56)	99	After oncology service referral, during outpatient visit, timing NR	Mean time needed to complete CGA = 12.87min (range = 9.5–20min)	Investigator who was also a physician	87.5% were at risk of frailty, 65.3% were ADL dependent, 75% were IADL dependent, 29.3% had some degree of cognitive impairment, 46.7% were at risk of malnutrition	Patients’ opinions regarding length of survey: very long (36.4%), short (0%), suitable (63.6%); difficulty: difficult (30.3%), acceptable (69.7%), easy (0%)
Monfardini,     1996 (57)	30	During admission or stay at inpatient ward, during routine visits	Mean = 27.4 min (range = 20–45min)	Two physicians	Patients were moderately disabled, had several depressive symptoms and good cognitive functioning. No actual numbers reported	NR
Overcash,     2007 (58)	165	Patients seen at Senior Adult Oncology Program, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	30 min	Interview with trained data collectors	37 patients had experienced a fall	NR
Overcash     2008 (77)	352	Patients seen at Senior Adult Oncology Program outpatient clinic	30 min	Interview with trained data collectors	The population was divided into three groups: no treatment, treatment, and geriatric. Mean ADL scores were 17.5, 17.6, and 16.7, respectively; mean GDS scores were 2.1, 2.9, and 2.4, respectively; mean MMSE scores were 28.4, 27.9, and 25.0, respectively; and percentages with a fall were 25%, 33%, and 42%, respectively.	NR
Pignata,     2008 (59)	26	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before chemotherapy	NR	NR	65.4% had no ADL disability, 69.2% had at least 1 IADL disability, and most patients had at least 1 comorbidity, 50% had 2 or more comorbidities	NR
Pope,     2006     (60)‡	460	During admission, before surgery	PACE was administered in a 20-min interview	Trial nurse or student physician	33.3% had 1 or more comorbidities. 85.0% and 59.8% were independent in ADL and IADL, respectively; 87.8% had normal MMSE score, 73.3% were not depressed, 69% had no or mild fatigue, and 91% had PS score <2
Repetto,     2002 (61)	363	During admission or stay at inpatient ward	20min (average)	Data used in assessment was obtained from medical chart and patient questionnaire	74% had PS score <2, 86% were independent in ADL and 52% were independent in IADL. 41% had 1 or more comorbidities, 27% had abnormal MMSE scores, and 40% had 1 or more depressive symptoms	NR
Retornaz,     2008 (93)	50	Patients were assessed for the study when they were admitted or during initial or routine outpatient follow-up visit	NR	Investigator who was also a physician	12% were completely independent, 42% had frailty markers but no disability, 30% had an IADL disability but no ADL disability, and 16% had an ADL disability. The most prevalent frailty markers were nutrition (62%), mobility (58%), physical inactivity (42%), cognition (42%), grip strength (26%), mood (22%), and fatigue (12%)	NR
Roche,     1997 (62)	50	After initial visit to geriatric oncology outpatient clinic	NR	Patients were seen in the geriatric oncology clinic, NR who conducted the assessment	74% had no ADL disability and 56% had disability in IADL functioning. 27% showed cognitive deficits, 24% were considered to be depressed. The study participants who were not receiving active cancer treatment were more functionally impaired in ADL (P = .006) and IADL (P = .004) compared with those who were receiving active cancer treatment	NR
Serraino,     2001 (63)	303	During admission or stay at inpatient ward	NR	Interview with geriatrician	17% had ADL disability, 59% had IADL disability, and 13% had limitations in taking medications. 54% of patients aged <80 y had PS score of 2–4 compared with 22% of patients aged 65–69 y (P < .001); presence of comorbidity was the same for these two age groups; frequency of IADL limitations more pronounced in oldest group aged ≥80 y of elderly patients compared with those aged 65–69 y (P = .03)	NR
Siegel,     2006 (64)	25	At outpatient clinic visit, timing NR	Assessment (three performance tests) took <5min	NR	Most had ECOG PS score of 1, the variance was highest for grip strength, less for TUG, and least for the Tinetti test. Among patients with ECOG PS score of 1, these measures were able to further identify subgroups with different functional status	NR
Stauder,     2010 (65)	78	During admission or stay at inpatient ward	NR	NR	Median values: KPS score = 90, ADL score = 100, WHO PS score = 1, VES-13 score = 2, IADL score = 7, GSD score = 7.5, CCI score =1, CIRS-G score = 5.5, MMSE score = 27, BMI = 24.7kg/m2	NR
To, 2010     (66)	200	Location NA, before initial medical oncology visit	The first 100 patients needed 17min (average) to complete	Patients completed a questionnaire that was mailed prior to the first appointment	45% had ADL disability and 41% had IADL disability, 35% had KPS score <70, 22% had a fall, 34% had weight loss >5% in the last 6 mo, 26% had limited social support, 39% received some support service, 22% had memory problems; 60% were classified as vulnerable, 28% as fit, and 13% as frail using own classification scheme (4–5 factors of assessment of concern = frail, 1–3 factors of concern = vulnerable, and 0 factors = fit). Those who were frail had worse functional status	84% reported complete satisfaction with length, style, and clarity. Patients or proxies were expected to complete questionnaire before appointment, but in some cases, a geriatric oncology nurse assisted
Venturino,     2000 (67)	45	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	NR	NR	Descriptive (% of patients): 11.2% had PS score ≥2, 20% was ADL dependent (impaired in at least 1 item), and 51.2 % was IADL dependent (impaired in at least 1 item). Of all patients, 46.7% screened GDS positive and 24.5% scored impaired on the MMS. Of all patients, 64.4% had arthrosis or arthritis, 44.4% had hypertension, 35.5% had vascular diseases, 31.1% had digestive disease, and 28.8% had CNS diseases (excluding stroke)	NR
Wedding,     2007     (68)††	477	Admitted to hospital, before chemotherapy	NR	NR	In group A (elderly cancer patients), 36.8% needed help with IADL, 27.5% had a KPS score of 10%–70%, and 37% had 2 or more comorbidities. In group B (younger cancer patients), 18.7% needed help with IADL, 18.5% had a KPS score of 10%–70%, and 16% had 2 or more comorbidities. In group C (elderly noncancer patients), 24.2% needed help with IADL, 14% had a KPS score of 10%–70%, and 42 % had two or more comorbidities	NR
Wedding,     2007     (99)	200	During routine oncology visit in outpatient setting	Median duration of assessment 20min (range = 9–47min)	Two physicians	50% had maximum ADL score, 54% had maximum IADL score, 43% had poor nutritional status or were at risk, 8% had cognitive impairment using MMSE score, 23% had increased risk of falls, 16% had ≥2 comorbidities. According to the Balducci classification, 25% were fit, 25.5% were vulnerable, and 49.5% were frail. Physicians identified 64% as fit, 32.4% as vulnerable, and 3.2% as frail. The CGA identified a mean of 1.3 problems in those identified as fit, 2.3 problems in those identified as vulnerable, and 4.2 problems in those identified as frail	NR
Geriatric assessment studied in retrospective studies or chart reviews
Barthelemy,     2011 (98)	192 (93 underwent geriatric assess- ment)	After hospital referral, not clear when and where the assessment took place	NR	NR	36 patients were fit, 47 were vulnerable, and 10 were frail using the Balducci classification. Median age of fit patients was 75.4 y, vulnerable patients 80.3 y, and frail patients 87.4 y	NR
Basso,     2008 (79)	117	Admitted to medical oncology ward, before chemotherapy	NR	Multidisciplinary team	33.3% were fit, 32.5% were vulnerable, and 34.2% were frail using the Balducci classification. 39.3% received an “elderly friendly” regimen, the others received a standard regimen	NR
Cudennec,     2007 (72)	124	During admission or stay at inpatient ward, outpatient (not specified)	Within 1 h	NR	Assessment was done in 82% of inpatients and 18% of outpatients presenting with gastrointestinal cancer. Average MMSE score was 23, 43% had probable depression, 40% had abnormal TUG score, 26% required a more thorough geriatric evaluation	NR
Cudennec,     2010 (84)	57	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, before treatment decision	The Simplified Geriatric Evaluation took 1h (average)	NR	All patients lived at home and took on average 6.8 drugs per day, 51% had MMSE score <26, 47% were suspected of having depression, 68% were at risk for falls, and 44% had loss of autonomy. 5% were classified as fit, 68% were intermediate, and 42% were vulnerable. All patients in the fit group were considered able to receive optimal treatment, compared with none in vulnerable group and some in the intermediate group	NR
Flood,     2006 (92)	119	During admission to hospital	NR	Data from medical chart	Of the 11 patients who had a positive GDS score, 7 had depression documented by physician team. 42 patients had an abnormal Clock Construction Test score and 25 patients had an abnormal Short Blessed Test score, but 36% of all patients had cognitive impairment according to treating team. Of all patients, 45% had ADL disability and 74% had IADL disability, 87% were able to return home, 35% had a history of weight loss	NR
Fratino,     1999 (69)	363	During admission or stay at inpatient ward	NR	Patient filled out questionnaire and data from chart	26% had a poor PS score, 41% had comorbid conditions, 14% had ADL limitations, 48% had IADL limitations, 27% had poor MMSE scores, and 40% had depressive symptoms	NR
Garman,     2004 (86)	102 admitted, 36 with cancer	During admission or stay at inpatient ward	NR	Data from medical chart	The mean number of comorbid conditions was 4.6, the mean number of symptoms was 2.5, and the mean KPS score was 55%. 53% had cognitive impairment	NR
Koroukian,     2006     (91)§§	2552	Location NR, during admission to Medicare Home Health Care	NR	Investigator used databases	The proportions of patients with no comorbidity, disability, or geriatric syndromes were 26.4% (breast cancer), 12% (prostate cancer), and 14% (colorectal cancer). The proportions with comorbidity, disability, and geriatric syndromes were 11.7%, 24.7%, and 15.7%, respectively. With increasing age, the proportion of persons with no comorbidity, disability, or geriatric syndromes declined	NR
Koroukian,     2010     (80)§§	1009	Location NR, during admission to Medicare Home Health Care	NR	Investigator used databases	15% had 1 functional limitation, 22% had ≥2 functional limitations, 31% had 1 geriatric syndrome, 17% had ≥2 geriatric syndromes, 29% had 1 comorbidity, 22% had ≥2 comorbidities	NR
Overcash,     2005 (81),     2006 (83)     || ||	352	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, at initial visit to Senior Adult Oncology Program	NR	Chart review	500 charts were reviewed, no other information presented	NR
Retornaz,     2008 (82)	183	Admitted to hospital, before chemotherapy	NR	Chart review	67% admitted for acute medical problems and 33% admitted for diagnosis. More than 10% had geriatric syndromes, 60% took ≥3 medications, 53% had ADL disability and 64% had IADL disability, 67% had mobility impairments and malnutrition, 50% had depressive symptoms	NR
Rollot-Trad,     2008 (97)	54	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	NR	Chart review	74% had a CCI score of 0–3, 22% had a CCI score of 4–5, and 2% had a CCI score >5; 39% took 4 or more medications, 69% had social support, 98% lived at home, 24% were depressed; 61% were independent in ADL, 63% were independent in IADL, 27% had an MMSE score <24	NR
Sorio,     2006 (70)	17	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	NR	NR	11 patients were considered not to have an increased risk for adverse outcomes (also called geriatric risk in this study) and 6 patients had a geriatric risk score of 1, which was defined as: PS 2, taking more than two medical treatments, and/or ADL or IADL disability	NR
Terret,     2004 (87)	60	Patients seen in geriatric oncology program (not specified if in- or outpatient setting), before treatment	Mini-CGA lasted 90–120 min	NR	66% had an ADL disability and 87% had an IADL disability; all patients had clinically significant comorbidity; 50% were at risk for falls; 67 had a GDS score <15, 45% had cognitive disorders, and 65% were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition	NR
Yonnet,     2008 (96)	363	In hospital, not specified if in- or outpatient setting, timing NR	NR	Chart review	According to the Standardized Geriatric Evaluation (Evaluation Gériatrique Standardisée) score, patients aged ≥70 y had statistically significantly more disability, higher CCI score, underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy less often, and had symptomatic treatment more compared with the patients aged <70 y. Those who were frail (Balducci classification) received more treatment consisting of only radiation compared with those classified as fit or vulnerable, whereas those classified as fit most often received chemotherapy alone or in combination with surgery and radiation	NR

^*NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; aCGA = abbreviated geriatric assessment; ADL = activities of daily living; ADT = androgen deprivation therapy; AGS = American Geriatric Society; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BFI = Brief Fatigue Inventory; BMI = body mass index; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CC = carboplatin and cyclophosphamide; CP = carboplatin and paclitaxel; CGA = comprehensive geriatric assessment; CCI = Charlson comorbidity index; CIRS-G = Cumulative Illness Rating Scale–Geriatric; DLCL = diffuse large cell lymphoma; ECOG = Eastern Collaborative Group Oncology; PS = performance status; ESL = English as a second language; FACT-B = Functional Assessment Cancer Treatment–Breast; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; GFI = Groningen frailty indicator; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; IQCODE = Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; IQR = interquartile range; KPS= Karnofsky Performance Status; MGA = multidimensional geriatric assessment; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; MNA = Mini Nutritional Assessment; NSI = nutritional risk screening; OARS = Older Americans Resources and Services; PACE = Preoperative Assessment of Cancer in the Elderly; PINI = Prognostic Inflammatory and Nutrition Index; PS = Performance Status; PPT = physical performance test; QOL = quality of life; SPMSQ = Short Portable Mental Screening Questionnaire; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; TUG = Timed Up and Go test; VES-13 = Vulnerable Elder Survey-13 items; SIC = Satariano comorbidity index.

^†Location = inpatient or outpatient setting; timing of geriatric assessment = before, during, or after treatment.

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