Table 2.

 Balance outcomes

	LiFE programme			Structured programme			Control programme		Comparison of all three groups*†	Pairwise comparison of LiFE v control*	Effect size	Pairwise comparison of structured v control*	Effect size
	N	Mean score (standard deviation)		N	Mean score (standard deviation)		N	Mean score (standard deviation)
Tandem walk time (sec) plus error
Baseline	107	47.1 (26.9)		105	51.8 (26.7)		105	51.3 (27.4)	F(4,442)=5.10; P=0.001‡; n=71, 75, 78	F(2,294)=6.6; P=0.002‡	0.42	F(2,302)=8.9; P<0.0001‡	0.49
6 months	81	26.0 (20.0)		85	31.9 (23.7)		82	40.7 (24.0)
12 months	76	33.7 (31.5)		76	38.8 (34.6)		82	54.4 (38.1)
Five level balance hierarchy
Baseline	107	3.07 (1.08)		105	3.00 (1.15)		105	3.44 (0.96)	n=76, 76, 82	Odds ratio 1.10 (95% CI 0.47 to 1.72), wald 11.9§; P=0.001	0.55	Odds ratio 0.62 (95% CI 0.03 to 1.22), wald 4.26§; P=0.04	0.33
6 months	81	3.44 (0.96)		85	3.14 (1.09)		82	3.21 (0.93)
12 months	76	3.54 (0.79)		76	3.28 (1.00)		82	2.98 (1.07)
Eight level balance hierarchy
Baseline	107	3.97 (2.06)		105	3.82 (2.03)		105	3.90 (2.00)	n=76, 76, 82	Odds ratio 1.15 (95% CI 0.58 to 1.72), wald 15.6§; P<0.0001	0.63	Not significant (P=0.08)	0.29
6 months	79	5.18 (1.99)		84	4.43 (2.22)		82	4.34 (2.08)
12 months	76	5.17 (1.96)		76	4.54 (2.09)		82	3.88 (2.12)

*Main effect time×intervention: F(df, error)=measure of variation between groups divided by variation within groups; P value.

†No of participants in LiFE, structured exercise, and control groups, respectively.

‡Skewed data transformed before analysis.

§Polynomial regression model used with rank order categorical data.