Table 4.
Outcomes for secondary measures of function
| LiFE programme | Structured programme | Control programme | Comparison of all three groups* | Pairwise comparison of LiFE v control* | Effect size | Pairwise comparison of structured v control* | Effect size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean score (standard deviation) | N | Mean score (standard deviation) | N | Mean score (standard deviation) | ||||||||
| Activities Specific Balance Confidence Scale | |||||||||||||
| Baseline | 106 | 1079 (283) | 105 | 1027 (272) | 105 | 1048 (328) | F(4,460)=3.75¶; P=0.005; n=75, 79, 79 | F(2,304)=5.52; P=0.004 | 0.38 | F(2,312)=5.22; P=0.006 | 0.37 | ||
| 6 months | 84 | 1228 (242) | 86 | 1144 (245) | 84 | 1112 (308) | |||||||
| 12 months | 79 | 1208 (275) | 80 | 1167 (268) | 82 | 1085 (302) | |||||||
| NHANES activities of daily life measure | |||||||||||||
| Baseline | 107 | 0.85 (0.46) | 105 | 0.93 (.49) | 105 | 0.91 (.51) | F(3.8,436)=4.74‡; P=0.001‡; n=75, 79, 80 | F(1.9,292)=11.32; P<0.0001 | 0.54 | Not significant (P=0.075) | 0.26 | ||
| 6 months | 83 | 0.67 (0.47) | 86 | 0.88 (.40) | 85 | 0.95 (.55) | |||||||
| 12 months | 79 | 0.74 (0.52) | 80 | 0.90 (.55) | 82 | 1.02 (.54) | |||||||
| Late life function index | |||||||||||||
| Baseline | 107 | 71.6 (11.8) | 104 | 69.5(12.6) | 104 | 69.2(14.8) | F(2,235)=9.13; P<0.0001; n=79, 78, 81 | F(1,158)=21.05; P<0.0001 | 0.73 | F(1,157)=6.66; P=0.04 | 0.41 | ||
| 12 months | 79 | 76.5 (14.3) | 79 | 71.9(12.9) | 82 | 68.3(15.8) | |||||||
| Late life disability index (frequency) | |||||||||||||
| Baseline | 107 | 56.7 (6.6) | 105 | 56.2 (8.1) | 105 | 55.5 (8.5) | F(2,236)=4.66; P=0.01; n=78, 80, 81 | F(1,157)=9.28; P=0.003 | 0.49 | Not significant (P=0.28) | 0.17 | ||
| 12 months | 78 | 58.4 (7.2) | 80 | 56.3 (8.4) | 81 | 54.8 (7.6) | |||||||
| Late life disability index (limitation) | |||||||||||||
| Baseline | 107 | 70.1 (8.7) | 105 | 69.4 (9.6) | 105 | 69.4 (9.9) | F(2,236)=1.17; P=0.31; n=78, 80, 81 | — | — | — | — | ||
| 12 months | 78 | 69.2 (11.9) | 80 | 67.5 (12.1) | 81 | 66.4 (11.1) | |||||||
| Physical activity scale for elderly | |||||||||||||
| Baseline | 107 | 66.1 (30.6) | 105 | 72.9 (38.8) | 105 | 64.4 (35.6) | F(3.7,432)=2.3‡; P=0.06§; n=76, 78, 80 | F(1.78,234)=3.28; P=0.045 | 0.29 | Not significant (P=0.88) | 0.05 | ||
| 6 months | 84 | 67.8 (36.8) | 86 | 61.0 (37.4) | 85 | 52.3 (26.8) | |||||||
| 12 months | 79 | 71.2 (40.9) | 79 | 63.2 (38.0) | 82 | 56.2 (36.7) | |||||||
*Main effect time×intervention; F(df,error)=measure of variation between groups divided by variation within groups; P value.
†No of participants in LiFE, structured exercise, and control groups, respectively.
‡Mauchley test of specificity significant, Greenhouse-Geisser reported.
§Retrospective Tukey analysis between LiFE and control groups, P=0.02.
¶Skewed data transformed before analysis.