Table 3.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios of Any Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use for Community-Dwelling Elder Dementia Patients (n=566)
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
| Caregiver medication use | ||||
| Number of medications currently taking | ||||
| 0-3 medications (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 4-8 medications | 1.68** | 1.18, 2.40 | 1.00 | 0.78, 1.51 |
| 9 or more medications | 2.92** | 1.89, 4.50 | 1.42 | 0.78, 2.58 |
| Caregiver PIM use | ||||
| ≥ 1 PIM (vs. no PPM) | 1.61** | 1.20, 2.16 | 1.59* | 1.12, 2.25 |
| Care recipient medication use | ||||
| Number of medications currently taking | ||||
| 0-3 medications (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 4-8 medications | 3.14** | 2.05, 4.79 | 3.30** | 2.17, 5.03 |
| 9 or more medications | 7 74** | 4.90, 12.24 | 7.60** | 4.57, 12.62 |
| Predisposing characteristics | ||||
| Caregiver | ||||
| Age, y | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 0.93** | 0.88, 0.98 |
| Relationship to care-recipient | ||||
| Spouse (vs. other relationship) | 2.09** | 1.29, 3.39 | 5.13** | 2.10, 12.53 |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school degree | 1.26 | 0.68, 2.35 | 1.42 | 0.74, 2.71 |
| High school degree only (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Some college | 1.11 | 0.70, 1.77 | 1.02 | 0.60, 1.75 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White non-Hispanic (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Black non-Hispanic | 0.85 | 0.61, 1.19 | 1.34 | 0.84, 2.16 |
| Hispanic | 0.98 | 0.70, 1.38 | 2.60* | 1.04, 6.52 |
| Years caregiver has lived in United States | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 | 1.03* | 1.00, 1.05 |
| Care recipient | ||||
| Age, y | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.10 | 1.04 | 0.99, 1.09 |
| Male (vs. female) | 0.91 | 0.61, 1.33 | 0.48* | 0.30, 0.79 |
| Enabling characteristics | ||||
| Caregiver perceived financial difficulties | 0.97 | 0.78, 1.19 | 1.02 | 0.77, 1.34 |
| Household Income | ||||
| <$20,000 | 0.77* | 0.59, 0.99 | 0.79 | 0.49, 1.30 |
| $20,00-39,999 | 0.88 | 0.57, 1.34 | 0.99 | 0.54, 1.80 |
| ≥ $40,000 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Caregiver works (vs. retired/unemployed) | 0.73 | 0.38, 1.39 | 0.67 | 0.35,1.29 |
| Caregiver depressive symptoms (CES-D) | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.03 |
| Caregiver number of chronic conditions | 1.12 | 0.96, 1.30 | 1.07 | 0.83, 1.39 |
| Caregiver perceived health is fair or poor | 1.20 | 0.86, 1.68 | 0.96 | 0.64, 1.45 |
| Care-recipient need characteristics | ||||
| Count of ADL and IADL limitations | 0.97 | 0.91, 1.03 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.04 |
| Score on Mini-mental State Examination | 1.03* | 1.00, 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.03 |
| Score on Revised Memory/Behavior checklist | 1.03 | 0.98, 1.07 | 1.03 | 0.97, 1.09 |
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
PIM, Potentially Inappropriate Medication; CG, Caregiver; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living