FIG. 4.

Brain pathology and inflammatory cell recruitment. Histological examination of vector-treated NHP brains demonstrated significant pathological signs (A and B, arrows) not observed in PBS-treated controls. Immunostaining of thalamic and brainstem regions in hASM-infused animals indicated robust infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells consisting mainly of microglia (C and D, Iba1⁺), macrophages (E and F, CD68⁺), and activated T cells (G and H, CD4⁺). Expression of inflammatory cells in control animals represents the normal immune response to cannula penetration and the convection-enhanced delivery (CED) procedure within the parenchyma (I–P). Scale bars: Low-magnification panels, 10 mm; high-magnification panels, 1 mm. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/hum