Table 2.

Treatment of anorectal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.

Treatment	Sample size	Duration	Design	Results	Response rate	References
Biofeedback	39	3 months	Prospective series	Improvement of constipation and incontinence scores	46%	[22]
	13	4 months	Prospective series	Patient rating of biofeedback success positive: n = 5	38%	[11]
	18	2–6 months	Prospective series	Patient reported symptom improvement: n = 8	44%	[15]
Abdominal massage	30	8 weeks	RTC	Increase in defecation frequency for week 4 only; improved composite constipation scores weeks 4 and 8		[14]
Transanal irrigation	25	n/a	Retrospective series	Patient reported improvement: n = 10	40%	[37]
	10	n/a	Retrospective series	Patient reported improvement: n = 5	50%	[20]