Table 4.
Risk factors for exposure to rabies virus among respondents in two communities in the Province Datem del Marañón of Perú, 2010
| Subcategory | Seropostive | Seronegative | Total | P value | OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Percent | n | Percent | n | Percent | |||
| Demographics (N = 57) | ||||||||
| Age less than or equal to 29 years* | 1 | 11.1 | 29 | 60.4 | 30 | 52.6 | 0.010† | 0.08 (0.01–0.71) |
| Male | 7 | 77.8 | 30 | 62.5 | 37 | 64.9 | 0.471 | 2.10 (0.39–11.23) |
| Santa Marta resident | 7 | 77.8 | 31 | 64.6 | 38 | 66.7 | 0.703 | 1.92 (0.36–10.29) |
| Household characteristics | ||||||||
| More than five people living in household (N = 57) | 6 | 66.7 | 28 | 58.3 | 34 | 59.6 | 0.726 | 1.43 (0.32–6.40) |
| Own pets/livestock (N = 56) | 7 | 77.8 | 43 | 91.5 | 50 | 89.3 | 0.244 | 0.33 (0.05–2.13) |
| Own dogs (N = 56) | 2 | 22.2 | 18 | 38.3 | 20 | 35.7 | 0.466 | 0.46 (0.09–2.46) |
| Any pets/livestock bitten by bats (N = 49) | 6 | 85.7 | 29 | 69.0 | 35 | 71.4 | 0.656 | 2.69 (0.29–24.66) |
| Activities | ||||||||
| Lived in this house 1 year or less (N = 52) | 1 | 12.5 | 11 | 25.0 | 12 | 23.1 | 0.663 | 0.43 (0.05–3.88) |
| More than 5 years living/working with bats (N = 41) | 2 | 40.0 | 9 | 25.0 | 11 | 26.8 | 0.598 | 2.00 (0.29–13.94) |
| Reported hunting bats (N = 52) | 2 | 25.0 | 4 | 9.1 | 6 | 11.5 | 0.227 | 3.33 (0.50–22.33) |
| Reported agriculture (N = 52) | 8 | 100.0 | 39 | 88.6 | 47 | 90.4 | 1.000 | NA‡ |
| Reported using a mosquito net (N = 52) | 1 | 12.5 | 14 | 31.8 | 15 | 28.8 | 0.412 | 0.31 (0.03–2.73) |
| Education (N = 52) | ||||||||
| Secondary or above | 2 | 25.0 | 10 | 22.7 | 12 | 23.1 | 1.000 | 1.13 (0.20–6.51) |
| Knowledge (N = 52) | ||||||||
| Reported having basic or no rabies knowledge | 8 | 100.0 | 44 | 100.0 | 52 | 100.0 | NA | NA |
| Indicated animal bites as mechanism of transmission | 3 | 37.5 | 11 | 25.0 | 14 | 26.9 | 0.666 | 1.80 (0.37–8.79) |
| Described rabies as severe | 4 | 50.0 | 19 | 43.2 | 23 | 44.2 | 1.000 | 1.32 (0.29–5.95) |
| Identified bats as a rabies source | 6 | 75.0 | 35 | 79.5 | 41 | 78.8 | 1.000 | 0.77 (0.13–4.48) |
| Identified dogs as a rabies source | 3 | 37.5 | 19 | 43.2 | 22 | 42.3 | 1.000 | 0.79 (0.17–3.72) |
| If bitten by a bat (N = 52) | ||||||||
| Wash with soap and water | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 9.1 | 4 | 7.7 | 1.000 | NA |
| Seek medical care | 2 | 25.0 | 11 | 25.0 | 13 | 25.0 | 1.000 | 1.00 (0.18–5.70) |
| Do not know or do nothing | 4 | 50.0 | 23 | 52.3 | 27 | 51.9 | 1.000 | 0.91 (0.20–4.12) |
| Other | 2 | 25.0 | 6 | 13.6 | 8 | 15.4 | 0.593 | 2.11 (0.34–12.99) |
| If bitten by a rabid animal (N = 52) | ||||||||
| Wash with soap and water | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 4.5 | 2 | 3.8 | 1.000 | NA |
| Seek medical care | 3 | 37.5 | 19 | 43.2 | 22 | 42.3 | 1.000 | 0.79 (0.17–3.72) |
| Do not know or do nothing | 5 | 62.5 | 23 | 52.3 | 28 | 53.8 | 0.711 | 1.52 (0.32–7.16) |
| Bat exposure | ||||||||
| Individuals with one or more bat exposures§ (N = 57) | 9 | 100.0 | 36 | 75.0 | 45 | 78.9 | 0.180 | NA |
| Bite (N = 57) | 7 | 77.8 | 31 | 64.6 | 38 | 66.7 | 0.703 | 1.92 (0.36–10.29) |
| Bat bite more than one time per year (N =38) | 2 | 28.6 | 10 | 32.3 | 12 | 31.6 | 1.000 | 0.84 (0.14–5.10) |
| Bite within the last 6 months (N = 38) | 5 | 71.4 | 19 | 61.3 | 24 | 63.2 | 1.000 | 1.58 (0.26–9.48) |
| Contact with unprotected skin (N = 57) | 5 | 55.6 | 16 | 33.3 | 21 | 36.8 | 0.266 | 2.50 (0.59–10.61) |
| Skin contact more than one time per year (N = 20) | 1 | 20.0 | 6 | 40.0 | 7 | 35.0 | 0.613 | 0.38 (0.03–4.23) |
| Skin contact within the last 6 months (N = 21) | 2 | 40.0 | 9 | 56.3 | 11 | 52.4 | 0.635 | 0.52 (0.07–4.00) |
| Scratch (N = 57) | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 6.3 | 3 | 5.3 | 1.000 | NA |
| Inside a bat cave or refuge (N = 57) | 1 | 11.1 | 7 | 14.6 | 8 | 14.0 | 1.000 | 0.73 (0.08–6.80) |
| Ate or cooked a bat as food (N = 57) | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA | NA |
| Vaccinated against rabies (N = 57) | ||||||||
| Post-exposure prophylaxis (bat exposure) | 1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.158 | NA |
| Pre-exposure prophylaxis (military service) | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.1 | 1 | 1.8 | 1.000 | NA |
*
Mean age of population.
†
Statistically significant.
‡
NA = not applicable.
§
Defined as a bat bite, bat scratch, or bat contact with unprotected skin.