Table 3.
Prevalence of cysticercosis (antigen-capture ELISA) and taeniasis (egg detection plus self-reported) by population level and individual level characteristics, stratified by ethnicity, Laos*
| Characteristic | Proportion cysticercosis antigen ELISA positive (95% CI) | Proportion egg positive or self-reported taeniasis (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | LT | MK | HM | Total | LT | MK | HM | |
| Total | 2.2 (1.4–3.0) | 1.6 (0.6–2.7) | 3.3 (1.7–4.8) | 1.3 (0.0–2.8) | 8.4 (6.9–9.9) | 7.8 (5.5–10.0) | 11.7 (8.9–14.4) | 2.6 (0.5–4.7) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| F | 2.1 (1.0–3.2) | 1.1 (0.0–2.3) | 3.7 (1.4–6.0) | 0.9 (0.0–2.7) | 4.7 (3.1– 6.4) | 3.9 (1.7–6.3) | 7.0 (4.0–10.1) | 0.9 (0.0–2.7) |
| M | 2.3 (1.2–3.5) | 2.2 (0.4–3.9) | 2.7 (0.7–4.8) | 1.7 (0.0–4.0) | 12.2 (9.6–14.7) | 11.6 (7.8–15.4) | 16.6 (12.0–21.2) | 4.1 (0.5–7.7) |
| Province | ||||||||
| Oudomxay | 3.9 (2.0–5.9) | 0.0 | 5.1 (2.5–7.6) | 0.0 | 13.1 (9.7–16.4) | 12.1 (3.4–20.7) | 13.8 (9.9–17.8 | 7.1 (0.0–17.3) |
| Luangprabang | 1.1 (0.0–2.3) | 2.2 (0.0–5.3) | 0.9 (0.0–2.1) | 0.0 | 9.2 (6.1–12.2) | 9.9 (3.6–16.1) | 8.8 (5.1–12.6) | 9.7 (0.0–20.7) |
| Huaphan | 1.1 (0.0–2.3) | 1.1 (0.0–2.4) | – | 0.0 | 5.4 (2.7–8.0) | 5.5 (2.8–8.3) | – | 0.0 |
| Xiengkhuang | 2.4 (0.6–4.1) | 3.0 (0.0–5.9) | – | 1.9 (0.0–4.0) | 4.4 (2.1–6.8) | 9.0 (4.1–14.0) | – | 0.6 (0.0–1.8) |
| Wealth status | ||||||||
| Most poor | 3.1 (0.8–5.4) | 0.0 | 3.7 (0.8–6.6) | 2.0 (0.0–6.1) | 10.2 (6.2–14.2) | 0.0 | 13.6 (8.2–18.9) | 2.0 (0.0–6.1) |
| Very poor | 4.1 (1.6–6.6) | 0.0 | 5.9 (2.1–9.7) | 2.9 (0.0–8.7) | 11.0 (7.0–14.9) | 11.9 (3.4–20.4) | 13.2 (7.7–18.6) | 0.0 |
| Poor | 1.1 (0.0–2.3) | 1.1 (0.0–2.7) | 0.0 | 2.2 (0.0–6.6) | 6.7 (3.7–9.6) | 7.4 (3.5–11.3) | 9.8 (2.1–17.5) | 0.0 |
| Less poor | 2.1 (0.4–3.7) | 2.8 (0.4–5.3) | 1.9 (0.0–5.6) | 0.0 | 7.3 (4.3–10.3) | 8.4 (4.3–12.5) | 7.4 (0.2–14.6) | 3.6 (0.0–8.6) |
| Least poor | 1.1 (0.0–2.4) | 1.6 (0.0–3.8) | 1.1 (0.0–3.2) | 0.0 | 7.6 (4.4–10.8) | 6.3 (2.0–10.7) | 9.6 (3.5–15.6) | 6.8 (0.0–14.6) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 6–10 | 3.2 (0.9–5.6) | 4.3 (0.0–9.3) | 4.0 (0.1–8.0) | 0.0 | 7.3 (3.9–10.9) | 2.9 (0.0–7.0) | 14.1 (7.2–21.1) | 0.0 |
| 11–14 | 1.1 (0.0–2.6) | 0.0 | 1.4 (0.0–4.3) | 2.6 (0.0–8.0) | 2.2 (0.0–4.3) | 2.7 (0.0–6.4) | 2.9 (0.0–6.9) | 0.0 |
| 15–24 | 1.2 (0.0–2.5) | 1.0 (0.0–2.8) | 2.0 (0.0–4.7) | 0.0 | 4.3 (1.8–6.7) | 2.9 (0.0–6.1) | 6.9 (1.9–11.9) | 2.0 (0.0–5.9) |
| 25–39 | 1.8 (0.2–3.3) | 0.7 (0.0–2.2) | 2.8 (0.0–5.9) | 2.6 (0.0–8.0) | 13.5 (9.5–17.5) | 13.3 (7.5–19.1) | 14.7 (7.9–21.4) | 10.5 (0.3–20.7) |
| 40–54 | 3.1 (0.8–5.4) | 1.1 (0.0–3.2) | 5.1 (0.7–9.5) | 2.9 (0.0–8.9) | 11.6 (7.3–15.8) | 12.9 (6.0–19.8) | 13.3 (6.4–20.1) | 2.9 (0.0–8.9) |
| ≥ 55 | 3.5 (0.5–6.6) | 3.9 (0.0–8.4) | 4.4 (0.0–10.7) | 0.0 | 10.6 (5.5–15.8) | 7.9 (1.7–14.1) | 20.0 (7.8–32.2) | 0.0 |
| Defecation site | ||||||||
| Latrine | 2.2 (1.2–3.2) | 1.9 (0.7–3.1) | 3.2 (1.2–5.4) | 0.9 (0.0–2.7) | 8.8 (6.9–10.7) | 7.6 (5.2–10.0) | 13.5 (9.4–17.5) | 2.7 (0.0–5.8) |
| Open | 2.3 (0.9–3.6) | 0.0 | 3.2 (1.0–5.4) | 1.7 (0.0–4.0) | 7.6 (5.2–10.1) | 9.0 (2.5–15.5) | 9.7 (6.0–13.4) | 2.5 (0.0–5.4) |
| Male head of HH | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 1.3 (0.0–2.8) | 0.0 | 1.8 (0.0–3.9) | 0.0 | 9.6 (5.8–13.5) | 4.0 (0.0–12.3) | 11.6 (6.6–16.5) | 5.1 (0.0–12.4) |
| Literate | 2.4 (1.5–3.3) | 1.7 (0.6–2.8) | 3.9 (1.9–5.9) | 1.6 (0.0–3.3) | 8.2 (6.5–9.8) | 8.0 (5.6–10.3) | 11.7 (8.4–15.0) | 2.1 (0.0–4.1) |
| Female head of HH | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 2.8 (1.3–4.2) | 0.0 | 3.7 (1.5–5.9) | 2.4 (0.0–5.1) | 8.7 (6.3–11.2) | 7.2 (1.5–12.9) | 11.8 (8.1–15.5) | 2.4 (0.0–5.1) |
| Literate | 1.9 (0.9–2.8) | 1.9 (0.7–3.2) | 2.6 (0.5–4.7) | 0.0 | 8.2 (6.3–10.1) | 7.9 (5.4–10.3) | 11.4 (7.3–15.6) | 2.9 (0.0–6.1) |
*
ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; CI = confidence interval; LT = Lao-Tai ethnicity; MK = Mon-Khmer ethnicity; HM = Hmong-Mien; HH = household.