VSMCs were exposed to agLDL (50 μg/mL) for increasing periods of time (8, 16, 24, 48, and 96 h). Real-time PCR quantification of tropoelastin mRNA levels was performed. Data were processed with a specially designed software program based on Ct values, normalized to GAPDH mRNA, and expressed as the mean ± SE of three independent experiments performed in duplicate.