Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of heart failure patients stratified by EOV and control subjects.

Characteristic	Heart Failure (n=56)	HF+EOV (n=25)	HF-EOV (n=31)	Control (n=19)
Age – Years	59±2	56±3	62 ± 2	60±3
Male Sex - %	80	81	79	79
Body Mass Index	28.2±0.8	29.2±1.2	27.3±1.0	27.5±0.8
Primary Cause of Heart Failure; ischemic	55§	64	48	0
Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy
Diuretic – Loop	86§	96*	81	5
ACE Inhibitor or ARB	80§	88	74	37
β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist	91§	100	90	21
Spironolactone – Aldo Blocker	54§	56	52	0
Digoxin	50§	56	45	0
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy - %	23§	28	19	0
Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction (rest)	38±1§	34±2*	41±2	56±1
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (rest)	30±1§	29±1	31±1	68±1
Peak VO2 – ml/kg/min	12.4±0.5§	11.3±0.6*	13.2±0.8	23.9±1.6
Respiratory Exchange Ratio	1.16±0.02	1.18±0.03	1.14±0.03	1.11±0.024
FEV1	2.27±0.11§	2.33±0.16	2.23±0.15	3.36±0.11
VE/VCO2	38.8§	41.6	36.6	32.7
PaCO2 (rest)	37.4±0.7	37.6±0.9	37.2±1.1	35.0±1.4
PaO2 (rest)	88.5±1.7§	89.8±2.1	87.4±2.6	97.5±3.0
pH (rest)	7.45±0.01	7.46±0.01	7.45±0.01	7.44±0.01
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.9±0.4	13.1±0.3	12.8±0.4	13.1±0.3

^*Indicates P<0.05 for comparison of HF+EOV and HF-EOV and

^§indicates P<0.05 for comparison of HF and controls.