Table 4.

Multilevel Model Parameter Estimates for Aircraft and Road Traffic Noise at School and Nitrogen Dioxide Levels at School on Children's Health in the United Kingdom Air Pollution Subsample of the RANCH Project, 2001–2003 (n = 719)

Variable	No. of Participants	Air Pollution at School Adjusted for Sociodemographic Factorsa			Air Pollution, Aircraft Noise, and Road Traffic Noise at School Adjusted for Sociodemographic Factorsa
		βb	95% CI	P Value	βb	95% CI	P Value
Psychological distress	634
Nitrogen dioxide		0.012	−0.042, 0.067	0.67	0.025	−0.033, 0.083	0.40
Road traffic noise					−0.037	−0.104, 0.029	0.27
Aircraft noise					−0.028	−0.079, 0.023	0.28
Self-rated health	655
Nitrogen dioxide		0.013	−0.006, 0.033	0.18	0.013	−0.008, 0.033	0.22
Road traffic noise					−0.00020	−0.027, 0.027	0.99
Aircraft noise					0.004	−0.018, 0.026	0.70
Systolic blood pressure	276
Nitrogen dioxide		0.058	−0.092, 0.210	0.45	0.070	−0.120, 0.259	0.47
Road traffic noise					−0.102	−0.31, 0.11	0.35
Aircraft noise					0.017	−0.139, 0.174	0.83
Diastolic blood pressure	276
Nitrogen dioxide		0.033	−0.084, 0.151	0.58	0.088	−0.059, 0.236	0.24
Road traffic noise					0.030	−0.136, 0.195	0.73
Aircraft noise					0.012	−0.110, 0.134	0.85

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RANCH, Road Traffic and Aircraft Noise Exposure and Children's Cognition and Health.

^a All models adjusted for age, gender, employment status, crowding, home ownership, mother's educational level, long-standing illness, main language spoken at home, parental support for schoolwork, and classroom window glazing type except the blood pressure models, which were additionally adjusted for body mass index, cuff-size, room temperature, birth weight, parental high blood pressure, and prematurity.

^b Per 1-dB increase in road traffic noise or aircraft noise or a 1-point increase in nitrogen dioxide (μg/m³).