Table 3.
Characteristics of the Cohort Divided According to Changes of Physical Activity Between the Baseline and Follow-Up Visits
| Changes in physical activity (L < 4 and H ≥ 4 h/week) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LL | LH | HL | HH | ANOVA p | |
| Number of subjects | 405 | 69 | 213 | 146 | |
| Baseline | |||||
| Age (years) | 19.0 ± 0.6 | 18.9 ± 0.5 | 18.8 ± 0.5 | 18.9 ± 0.5 | 0.084 |
| Height (cm) | 181.7 ± 6.5 | 182.4 ± 7.2 | 181.3 ± 6.8 | 181.3 ± 6.9 | 0.596 |
| Weight (kg) | 72.5 ± 12.3 | 72.2 ± 10.1 | 75.6 ± 12.6A | 75.7 ± 9.3a | 0.002 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 55.9 ± 6.0 | 56.7 ± 5.9 | 58.8 ± 6.4A | 60.3 ± 6.0A,B | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 13.6 ± 8.4 | 12.4 ± 6.6 | 13.7 ± 8.4 | 12.4 ± 5.9 | 0.263 |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 1000 ± 633 | 1117 ± 765 | 1240 ± 714A | 1194 ± 765a | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 9.6 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 2.7A | |
| Amount of sport activity at baseline visit (h/week) | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 7.8 ± 4.0A,B | 9.8 ± 5.6A,B,C | <0.001 |
| Follow-up | |||||
| Age (years) | 24.1 ± 0.6 | 24.0 ± 0.6 | 24.0 ± 0.6 | 24.0 ± 0.6 | 0.152 |
| Height (cm) | 182.2 ± 6.5 | 183.0 ± 7.3 | 181.8 ± 6.8 | 181.8 ± 6.9 | 0.529 |
| Weight (kg) | 77.2 ± 13.2 | 77.2 ± 9.7 | 80.1 ± 14.0a | 80.2 ± 8.6 | 0.011 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 56.9 ± 5.9 | 60.7 ± 6.3A | 59.0 ± 6.4A | 62.5 ± 6.5A,C | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 17.5 ± 9.5 | 14.0 ± 7.0a | 17.4 ± 8.4b | 15.1 ± 6.4a | 0.001 |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 781 ± 504 | 868 ± 609 | 756 ± 493 | 819 ± 499 | 0.370 |
| Smoking (%) | 10.4 | 7.2 | 5.6a | 1.4A,b,c | |
| Amount of sport activity at follow-up visit (h/week) | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 6.8 ± 3.2A,* | 1.5 ± 1.4A,B,* | 7.9 ± 3.9A,b,C,* | <0.001 |
Values are given as mean ± SD. Differences between the subgroups tested by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test for continuous variables and by χ2 for categorical variables.
ANOVA = analysis of variance; PA = physical activity; LL = low PA (<4 h/week) at both visits; LH = low PA at baseline and high PA (≥4 h/week) at the follow-up visit; HL = high PA level at the baseline visit but low PA at follow-up; HH = high PA at both visits.
p < 0.05 for
vs LL
vs LH
vs HL (ie, lowercase a, b, c).
p < 0.01 for
vs LL
vs LH
vs HL (ie, uppercase, non-bold A, B, C).
p < 0.001 for
vs LL
vs LH
vs HL (ie, uppercase, bold A, B, C).
Changes in amount of physical activity between the baseline and follow-up visit within each group (LL, LH, HL, and HH) were calculated using a paired-samples t test, p < 0.001, n = 833.