Figure 4.

Visualization of asymmetric ANOVA results. (A–D) Shown are barplots with superimposed loess regression lines (with standard error bands). asymPC1–4 [(A–D), respectively] values are separated by abaxial-top (green) and adaxial-bottom (gray) sides. Node position is denoted on the x-axis (lower values correspond to positions closer to the apex). Note that the significant differences in PC values between abaxial-top and adaxial-bottom outlines for PCs 1–4, signifying intrinsic asymmetry, are easily observed. Additionally, various types of interactions between the abaxial-top/adaxial-bottom factor with node position are present, denoting that intrinsic asymmetry changes through the leaf series.