Table 1.
Characteristics of 2320 Enrolled Children at Baseline by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Status
| Characteristic | HIV Positivea | HIV Negative | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enrolled subjects | 255 (11) | 2043 (89) | |
| Maternal and household factors | |||
| Maternal age at enrollment (years) | 28.5 ± 4.9 | 28.2 ± 5.0 | .52 |
| Maternal baseline CD4 T-cell count (cells/μL) | 467 ± 516 | 549 ± 351 | <.001 |
| Maternal education (years) | 7.2 ± 2.4 | 7.2 ± 2.8 | .80 |
| Parity, including current child | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | .62 |
| Maternal history of ≥1 early neonatal mortalityc | 15 (5.9) | 83 (4.1) | .17 |
| Married/living with partner | 212 (84.5) | 1764 (87.2) | .23 |
| Household daily food expenditure >500 T shillingd | 182 (71.4) | 1436 (70.3) | .72 |
| Child factors | |||
| Age at enrollment (days) | 41.0 ± 3.0 | 40.6 ± 2.9 | .025 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | <.001 |
| Weight at baseline (kg) | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | <.001 |
| Baseline CD4 percentage (%) | 29.4 ± 10.3 | 38.0 ± 10.6 | <.001 |
| Sex (male) | 124 (48.6) | 1118 (54.8) | .066 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 42 (17.5) | 110 (5.6) | <.001 |
| Underweight (WAZ ≤ −2) | 52 (20.6) | 148 (7.3) | <.001 |
| CD4 cell percentage | |||
| <15% | 16 (7.7) | 37 (2.3) | <.001 |
| 15%–25% | 54 (26.0) | 132 (8.0) | |
| >25% | 138 (66.4) | 1475 (89.7) | |
| Malaria outcome | |||
| Clinical malaria | 42 (16.5) | 198 (9.7) | <.001 |
| Probable malaria with laboratory test | 9 (3.5) | 54 (2.6) | .41 |
| Confirmed malaria | 4 (1.6) | 17 (0.8) | .24 |
Data are no. (%) of children or mean ± SD.
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; WAZ, weight-for-age z score.
a Baseline HIV positivity denotes child seroconversion ≤30 days of baseline.
b Estimated via t tests for differences in mean, by HIV status, for continuous variables; for tests of differences in proportion, χ2 tests with appropriate degrees of freedom are used.
c Number of children born alive but died ≤7 days of birth.
d At the time this study was conducted, 1350 Tanzanian shillings was equal to US$1 and 500 Tanzanian shillings was equal to approximately US$0.37.