Table 1.
—General Characteristics of Both Cohorts: The Results of Univariate Analyses
| Development Cohort |
Validation Cohort |
|||||||
| Characteristic | No. | ALI/ALI + CPE (n = 156) | CPE (n = 176) | P Value | No. | ALI/ALI + CPE (n = 113) | CPE (n = 48) | P Value |
| General information | ||||||||
| Age, y | 71.5 (57.6-81.3) | 78.2 (66.8-85.7) | < .001 | 65.2 (46.6-77.8) | 72.5 (63.3-85.7) | .004 | ||
| Female sex | 47 (74) | 57 (100) | .09 | 47 (53) | 50 (24) | .72 | ||
| BMI | 331 | 26.4 (23.3-30.5) | 28.5 (23.7-33.1) | .02 | 159 | 26.5 (22.1-32.3) | 28.4 (24.7-32.7) | .12 |
| NIV | 19 (30) | 30 (53) | .02 | 33 (37) | 44 (21) | .18 | ||
| IMV | 64 (100) | 39 (68) | < .001 | 67 (76) | 56 (27) | .18 | ||
| ALI risk factors | ||||||||
| Sepsis | 51 (80) | 15 (26) | < .001 | 40 (45) | 13 (6) | .001 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | .13 | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 | ||
| Shock | 35 (54) | 20 (35) | .003 | 35 (39) | 23 (11) | .15 | ||
| Pneumonia | 44 (68) | 23 (41) | < .001 | 58 (66) | 27 (13) | < .001 | ||
| Aspiration | 14 (22) | 7 (12) | .03 | 30 (34) | 8 (4) | .002 | ||
| CPE risk factors | ||||||||
| Hx of CAD | 30 (46) | 51 (90) | < .001 | 18 (20) | 44 (21) | .001 | ||
| Hx of heart failure | 21 (32) | 40 (71) | < .001 | 22 (25) | 56 (27) | < .001 | ||
| Hx of valvular disease | 13 (20) | 17 (30) | .28 | 14 (16) | 23 (11) | .17 | ||
| New ST changes/LBBB | 235 | 14 (14) | 29 (38) | .005 | 117 | 5 (4) | 27 (11) | .002 |
| Laboratory results and vital sign measurements | ||||||||
| BNP, pg/mL | 74 | 708 (160-1007) | 749 (309-1591) | .18 | 41 | 690 (181-1,302) | 1,610 (380-3,080) | .03 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 317 | 23 (19-27) | 24 (21-28) | .003 | … | … | … | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 312 | 1.1 (0.8-1.8) | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | .27 | … | … | … | |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 142 | 1.9 (1.3-2.8) | 1.6 (1-2.8) | .31 | … | … | … | |
| Leukocytes, count/nL | 311 | 12.9 (8.5-17.9) | 12.2 (9.3-15.8) | .72 | … | … | … | |
| Troponin T, ng/mL | 213 | 0.02 (0.01-0.10) | 0.05 (0.02-0.21) | .01 | 0.02 (0-0.13) | 0.105 (0.03-0.39) | .004 | |
| Max temperature, °C | 268 | 37.2 (36.7-38.1) | 37.3 (36.7-37.9) | .69 | … | … | … | |
| Spo2/Fio2 ratio at 6 ha | 324 | 179 (132-247) | 238 (167-329) | < .001 | 110 | 297 (160-443) | 443 (190-462) | .02 |
| Risk modifiers | ||||||||
| Chemotherapy | 10 (16) | 1 (2) | < .001 | 12 (13) | 6 (3) | .40 | ||
| Alcohol abuse ( > 2 drinks/d) | 12 (19) | 4 (7) | .006 | 9 (10) | 10 (5) | .75 | ||
| Smoking (active/ > 20 PY) | 46 (72) | 44 (77) | .66 | 32 (36) | 33 (16) | .86 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 23 (36) | 31 (55) | .1 | 21 (24) | 38 (18) | .03 | ||
| ILD | 5 (7) | 5 (8) | .98 | … | … | … | ||
| Transfusions (any within 24 h) | ||||||||
| Platelets | 4 (6) | 1 (2) | .15 | … | … | … | ||
| RBCs | 13 (20) | 11 (20) | .68 | … | … | … | ||
| Fresh frozen plasma | 3 (4) | 6 (11) | .12 | … | … | … | ||
Data are presented as median (IQR) or % (No.). ALI = acute lung injury; BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; CAD = coronary artery disease; CPE = cardiogenic pulmonary edema; Hx = history; ILD = interstitial lung disease; IMV = invasive mechanical ventilation (includes patients with both NIV + IMV); IQR = interquartile range; LBBB = left bundle branch block; NIV = noninvasive ventilation (excludes patients who received also IMV during hospitalization); PY = pack years; Spo2 = peripheral oxygen saturation.
a
Spo2/Fio2 ratio at 6 h after the onset of acute pulmonary edema.