Biofilm removal capacity of PA1Ø. Non-PA1Ø-treated (A, C, E, and G) and treated (B, D, F, and G) biofilms of four bacterial strains were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. (A and B) P. aeruginosa PAO1; (C and D) S. aureus ATCC 25923; (E and F) S. epidermidis KNUH-134; (G and H) S. hominis KNUH-329.