Table 2. Results of generalized estimating equations (GEE; autocorrelation structure between observation points) for the effects of familiarity, leaf (origin or external; only for dispersion) and time nested within familiarity (only for females present, leaves occupied and dispersion by females) on the number of P. persimilis females present, the number of leaves occupied by P. persimilis females and dispersion by P. persimilis females and their offspring (after 72 h) between the origin and external leaves.

Variable	Source of variation	Wald-χ2	df	P
Females present	Familiarity	3.233	1		0.072
	Time (familiarity)	56.748	4		≤0.001
Occupied leaves	Familiarity	0.729	1		0.393
	Time (familiarity)	15.169	4		0.004
Dispersion females	Familiarity	0.005	1		0.942
	Familiarity*leaf	72.744	2		≤0.001
	Time (familiarity)	56.709	4		≤0.001
Dispersion offspring	Familiarity	0.764	1		0.382
	Familiarity*leaf	70.224	2		≤0.001