Fig. 1.

IL-1 increases primary cilia length in chondrocytes. a Chondrocyte primary cilia (green, anti-acetylated-α-tubulin, blue DAPI nuclei). Scale bar 10 μm. b Frequency histogram of chondrocyte cilia length showing elongation of cilia associated with IL-1β treatment (10 ng mL⁻¹, 24 h). Insert shows that negligible cells were in a proliferative state as indicated by nuclear ki-67 expression. c IL-1β at 2–50 ng mL⁻¹ induced statistically significant increases in cilia length as did IL-1α at 10 ng mL⁻¹, but no statistically significant differences were seen between the different concentration or type of IL-1 used. d The influence of IL-1 was observed at 3 h and the effect maintained throughout a 48-h treatment period. Statistically significant differences are indicated relative to untreated control