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Two methods for measuring extent of silica functionalization are normalized FT-IR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. Heating rate: 10 °C/min. (a) Representative normalized FT-IR spectra for sulfonate-functionalized Ludox silica and unfunctionalized silica. The peak at 980 cm-1 indicates the surface Si-OH, which decreases upon functionalization. (b) Representative TGA for sulfonated silica samples.
