TABLE 3.
Standardized regression coefficients for association between food intake (g/d) and category of BMI (kg/m2) in men and women (aged 40–59 y), with the exclusion of participants consuming a special diet (United States, 1996–1999): the INTERMAP (n = 1794)1
| Men(n = 947) |
Women(n = 847) |
|||||
| Food/food subgroup2 | ST β | SE | P value | ST β | SE | P value |
| Total fruit | −0.11 | 0.16 | 0.46 | −0.23 | 0.20 | 0.24 |
| Fresh fruit | −0.35 | 0.15 | 0.02 | −0.34 | 0.20 | 0.10 |
| Total vegetables | −0.11 | 0.15 | 0.47 | −0.10 | 0.20 | 0.61 |
| Total grains | −0.10 | 0.15 | 0.53 | −0.23 | 0.20 | 0.25 |
| Whole grains | −0.27 | 0.15 | 0.07 | −0.58 | 0.20 | <0.01 |
| Pasta and rice3 | −0.64 | 0.20 | <0.01 | −0.38 | 0.24 | 0.12 |
| Nuts and nut butters | −0.31 | 0.15 | 0.04 | −0.28 | 0.20 | 0.16 |
| Dried peas and legumes3 | −0.08 | 0.16 | 0.62 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.37 |
| Low-fat dairy3 | −0.21 | 0.15 | 0.18 | −0.25 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
| Fish, fish roe, and shellfish | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.03 | −0.40 | 0.20 | 0.05 |
| Poultry3 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.04 |
| Beef, pork, veal, and game meats | 0.66 | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.02 |
| Processed meats3 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.20 | <0.001 |
| Total visible fats | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.51 | −0.30 | 0.20 | 0.13 |
| Snacks and sweets | −0.32 | 0.15 | 0.04 | −0.39 | 0.20 | 0.05 |
| Alcoholic beverages | −0.33 | 0.15 | 0.03 | −0.23 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
| Carbonated soft drinks | 0.65 | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.94 | 0.19 | <0.001 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages3 | −0.09 | 0.15 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.06 |
Associations of food intakes with BMI were assessed with linear regression by using the residual method to examine associations independent of total energy intake. Regression coefficients are presented for residual values from total energy intake and were standardized per 1-SD sex-specific difference in residual values. All models were adjusted for age, education (y), race-ethnicity, smoking status (yes or no), history of high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease (yes or no), dietary supplement use (yes or no), moderate or heavy physical activity (h/d), and total energy intake (kcal). INTERMAP, International Study of Macro-/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure; ST, standardized.
Total fruit includes fresh fruit, fruit juices, and sweetened fruits; pasta and rice include recipes; total visible fats include animal fats, margarines, table spreads, oils, shortenings, and dressings; carbonated soft drinks include sodas and colas including diet beverages; sugar-sweetened beverages include uncarbonated and carbonated soft drinks (eg, soda), fruit drinks (excluding 100% fruit juices), and lemonade but exclude diet beverages.
Test for between-sex heterogeneity was significant, P < 0.05.