TABLE 7.

Standardized regression coefficients for association between micronutrient intake and urinary measures with BMI (kg/m²) in men and women (aged 40–59 y), with the exclusion of participants consuming a special diet (United States, 1996–1999): the INTERMAP (n = 1794)¹

	Men(n = 947)			Women(n = 847)
Variable	ST β	SE	P value	ST β	SE	P value
Vitamin A (RE/d)	−0.31	0.15	0.05	−0.59	0.20	<0.01
β Carotene (μg/d)2	−0.26	0.15	0.10	−0.64	0.20	0.01
Retinol (μg/d)2	−0.20	0.15	0.18	0.14	0.20	0.47
Vitamin E (mg/d)	−0.12	0.15	0.41	−0.30	0.20	0.12
Vitamin C (mg/d)	−0.38	0.16	0.02	−0.44	0.20	0.03
Calcium (mg/d)	0.06	0.16	0.70	0.27	0.22	0.21
Iron (mg/d)	−0.39	0.15	0.01	−0.29	0.21	0.16
Heme iron (mg/d)2	0.52	0.15	0.01	0.63	0.20	<0.01
Nonheme iron (mg/d)	−0.46	0.15	0.01	−0.39	0.21	0.06
Phosphorus (mg/d)2	0.29	0.15	0.06	0.34	0.21	0.11
Magnesium (mg/d)	−0.44	0.16	0.01	−0.49	0.22	0.03
Urinary urea nitrogen (g/24 h)2	1.63	0.15	<0.001	1.97	0.19	<0.001
Urinary potassium (mmol/24 h)	0.85	0.17	<0.001	0.54	0.22	<0.01
Urinary sodium (mmol/24 h)2	1.27	0.15	<0.001	1.44	0.19	<0.001
Urinary Na:K ratio2	0.54	0.16	0.01	0.66	0.22	<0.01

¹Associations of nutrient intakes and urinary measures with BMI were assessed with linear regression by using the residual method to examine associations independent of total energy intake. Regression coefficients are presented for the residual value as predicted by total energy intake and were standardized per 1-SD difference. All models were adjusted for age, education (y), smoking status (yes or no), history of high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease (yes or no), dietary supplement use (yes or no), moderate or heavy physical activity (h/d), and total energy intake (kcal). INTERMAP, International Study of Macro-/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure; RE, retinol equivalents; ST, standardized.

²Test for between-sex heterogeneity was significant, P < 0.10.