Table 3.
Analytical Instrument or Method | Precipitate | Empty Wells | Presence of Bubbles | Sample Volume | MW ID | Sample Color | Analysis time, 384-well plate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nephelometry10,11,16 | yes | no | no | no | no | no | ~5-minutes |
Acoustic Devices12–15 | * | yes | * | yes | no | no | ~7-minutes* |
LC-MS9 | no | no | no | no | yes | yes | 3–40 hours‡ |
HIAPI-CM | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | ~1-minute |
Not designed to unambiguously detect problem but will flag acoustic anomalies; the effect of suspended solids/colloids are unknown. Acoustic methods require proprietary consumables.
Analysis requires destructive sampling