Table 2.

Aortic gene expression

	Untreated	Treated	Untreated	Treated
	NFD-fed	NFD-fed	HFD-fed	HFD-fed
F4/80	0.95 ± 0.07	0.54 ± 0.08	5.65 ± 0.28*	0.57 ± 0.14‡
CXCR3	1.25 ± 0.07	1.10 ± 0.01	2.55 ± 0.07*	1.40 ± 0.01*‡
VCAM-1	2.40 ± 0.57	2.28 ± 0.04	6.10 ± 0.14*	3.65 ± 0.21*‡
CCL2	1.05 ± 0.07	1.05 ± 0.07	1.78 ± 0.04*	1.05 ± 0.07‡
TNF-α	1.10 ± 0.01	1.00 ± 0.01	1.63 ± 0.04*	1.10 ± 0.14‡
IFN-γ	1.40 ± 0.14	1.08 ± 0.11	4.12 ± 0.26*	1.92 ± 0.12*‡
IL-1β	0.32 ± 0.02	0.32 ± 0.03	0.58 ± 0.01*	0.27 ± 0.02
IL-4	0.48 ± 0.04	0.54 ± 0.04	0.31 ± 0.02*	0.44 ± 0.04†‡
IL-10	0.12 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.04	0.19 ± 0.01†§
MMP-2	0.79 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.03	0.83 ± 0.03	0.75 ± 0.07
MMP-9	1.01 ± 0.04	0.96 ± 0.05	2.29 ± 0.09*	1.43 ± 0.06*‡
CHOP	2.88 ± 0.16	2.75 ± 0.13	3.72 ± 0.10*	3.13 ± 0.06†‡
Annexin	0.58 ± 0.11	0.58 ± 0.03	0.84 ± 0.02†	1.02 ± 0.05*§
TG-2	0.62 ± 0.02	0.64 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.04	0.66 ± 0.04
MGFE8	0.46 ± 0.03	0.46 ± 0.01	0.55 ± 0.03	0.51 ± 0.02
CD36	1.96 ± 0.07	1.96 ± 0.05	7.47 ± 0.15*	2.08 ± 0.10‡
TLR-2	0.73 ± 0.06	0.73 ± 0.07	1.04 ± 0.05*	0.79 ± 0.04‡
TLR-4	0.64 ± 0.04	0.58 ± 0.08	0.78 ± 0.03*	0.52 ± 0.03‡
RAGE	1.18 ± 0.04	1.16 ± 0.03	2.05 ± 0.07*	1.50 ± 0.01*‡
Galectin-3	1.19 ± 0.01	1.19 ± 0.04	5.53 ± 0.25*	1.58 ± 0.08†‡

*P < 0.001 or †P < 0.01 versus NFD-fed mice; ‡P < 0.001 or §P < 0.05 versus untreated mice.

Comparison of untreated and D-carnosine octylester-treated ApoE null mice fed a NFD or a HFD.