Table 2.

Functional consequences of disrupting AKAP-dependent protein–protein interactions

Type	Name	Target	Model system	Physiological effect
Peptide	Ht-31	AKAP–PKA	Mouse oocytes	Stimulation of oocyte maturationa
			Rat hearts (in vivo)	Increased β-AR-stimulated contractilityb
			Hippocampal neurons	Reduced AMPA/kainate channel currentsc
			CD4(+) T cells	Reduced antigen presentation, inhibition of TNF-α and IL-10 productiond
	S-Ht31	AKAP–PKA	Renal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells	Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated AQP-2 translocatione,f
	TAT-AKAD	AKAP–PKA	Cardiac myocytes	Reduced contractilityg
			Mouse hearts (ex vivo)	Negative effect on chronotropy, inotropy and lusitropyg
	AKAP15-LZ	AKAP18 – L-type Ca2+ channel	Mouse skeletal muscle cells (MM14, DZ1A)	Inhibition of voltage-dependent potentiation of L-type Ca2+ channelh
	AKAP18δ-wt	AKAP–PKA	Rat neonatal cardiac myocytes	Reduced β-adrenoceptor-induced L-type Ca2+ currentsi
	Arg9-11-PLN	AKAP18δ–PLN	Rat neonatal and adult cardiac myocytes	Reduced adrenoceptor-induced Ca2+ reuptake into the SRj
	RIAD-Arg11	AKAP–PKA (I)	T cells	Uncoupling of cAMP-mediated inhibition of T-cell functionk
			Mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells	Reduced ACTH-stimulated progesterone productionk
	AKAP-IS	AKAP–PKA	HEK293 cells	Attenuation of GluR1 (AMPA receptor subunit) currentsl
			CD4(+) T cells, KG-1 dendritic progenitor cells	Reduced antigen presentationd,m
	TAT-AKAP-IS	AKAP–PKA	INS-1 Pancreatic β-cells	Inhibition of glucagon-induced potentiation of insulin secretionn
	Superakap-IS	AKAP–PKA (II)	Hippocampal neurons	Attenuation of AMPA-responsive currentso
Peptido-mimetic	Unnatural RIAD	AKAP–PKA (I)	in vitro	Not determinedp
Small molecule	FMP-API-1	AKAP–PKA	Rat neonatal cardiac myocytes	Increased contractilityq
			Rat hearts (ex vivo)	Increased contractilityq

TAT-AKAD, TAT-conjugated A-kinase anchoring disruptor (PKA binding region of AKAP10); RIAD: RI-anchoring disruptor; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; LZ, leucine zipper.

^aNewhall et al., 2006.

^bMcConnell et al., 2009.

^cRosenmund et al., 1994.

^dSchillace et al., 2009.

^eKlussmann et al., 1999.

^fHenn et al., 2004.

^gPatel et al., 2010.

^hHulme et al., 2002.

ⁱHundsrucker et al., 2006a.

^jLygren et al., 2007.

^kCarlson et al., 2006.

^lAlto et al., 2003.

^mSchillace et al., 2011.

ⁿFaruque et al., 2009.

^oGold et al., 2006.

^pTorheim et al., 2009.

^qChristian et al., 2011.