. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Child Neuropsychol. 2011 Jun 27;18(1):79–91. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2011.578572

Table 2.

Summary of Regression Coefficients Relating Academic Performance to Pencil Tapping.

	WJ – Applied Probs			WJ – Letter Word			WJ – Rhyming

	Pre-test B (SE)	Post-test B (SE)	Difference B (SE)	Pre-test B (SE)	Post-test B (SE)	Difference B (SE)	Pre-test B (SE)	Post-test B (SE)	Difference B (SE)
Age	.73 (.09)^***	−.10 (.08)	--	.55 (.10)^***	−.02 (.08)	--	.32 (.10)^**	.14 (.11)	--
Male	−.06 (.06)	−10 (.05)	--	−.11 (.06)	−.03 (.05)	--	−.14 (.06)^*	−.04 (.07)	--
Head Start	−.53 (.08)^***	−.13 (.07)^*	--	−.15 (.09)	.11 (.07)	--	.09 (.09)	−.03 (.09)	--
Treatment	.08 (.09)	−.08 (.07)	−.08 (.06)	−.03 (.10)	−.14 (.08)	−.13 (.09)	−.15 (.10)	−.04 (.10)	.05 (.08)
Pencil Tapping^A	.37 (.03)^***	.21 (.03)^***	.03 (.03)	.28 (.03)^***	.06 (.03)^*	.02 (.03)	.34 (.03)^***	.21 (.04)^***	.02 (.04)
Pre-test Outcome	--	.59 (.03)^***	--	--	.73 (.03)^***	--	--	.66 (.04)^***	--

Note:

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001;

B = unstandardized regression coefficient; SE = standard error of regression coefficient; A – Using pre-test score as predictor of pre-test and post-test outcomes but using difference score (EF post-test – EF pre-test) when predicting differences in outcomes (achievement post-test – achievement pre-test).Whereas results in the columns labeled pre-test and post-test do not attend to unmeasured confounder variables, the results in columns labeled difference do and are equivalent to fixed effects analyses for the special case two panel designs.