The learning circuit in DS. Structures involved in information acquisition, processing, or storage are affected in DS. The figure depicts some of the described changes that may lead to cognitive dysfunction in individuals with DS. (Reprinted from Lancet Neurology, Lott IT and Dierssen M, Cognitive deficits and associated neurological complications in individuals with Down's syndrome, 2010, June 9(6):623–33 with permission from Elsevier).