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. 2010 Mar;86(3):229–243. doi: 10.2183/pjab.86.229

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© 2010 The Japan Academy

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 4 — A model of Shigella invasive mechanism for epithelial cells. Upon contact of Shigella to epithelial cells, the bacterium delivers several effectors (red circles) via the TTSS around the bacterial surface and into the host-cell cytoplasm. The bacterial effectors interact with the host target molecules to stimulate several signal transduction pathways capable of activating the Rac1-WAVE-Arp2/3 pathway, and induce local actin polymerization and protrude the membrane ruffles. See the text for details.