Table 4.

Comparison of Physical Examination Measures Between Swimmers With (Positive Case) and Without (Negative Case) Shoulder Pain, Dissatisfaction, and Disability ^a–c

Measure	Age Group
	8–11 y			12–14 y			15–19 y			Masters
	Negative Case	Positive Case	P	Negative Case	Positive Case	P	Negative Case	Positive Case	P	Negative Case	Positive Case	P
Shoulder passive range of motion, ° (mean ± SD)
Flexion	192.85 ± 8.52	185.11 ± 9.85	.02	188.83 ± 7.88	189.50 ± 7.91	.83	189.82 ± 8.23	187.26 ± 8.29	.24	186.35 ± 9.99	188.77 ± 9.68	.43
Flexion – triceps length	180.12 ± 11.45	173.33 ± 6.84	.10	176.80 ± 7.93	177.75 ± 6.36	.75	178.31 ± 8.76	179.89 ± 9.07	.49	174.72 ± 10.70	177.54 ± 8.15	.38
Flexion – latissimus length	183.33 ± 9.77	174.33 ± 13.77	.03	178.71 ± 10.41	182.63 ± 6.41	.32	178.57 ± 10.82	177.53 ± 11.85	.72	173.85 ± 11.69	174.08 ± 13.07	.95
External rotation	111.85 ± 12.72	112.11 ± 11.46	.96	104.09 ± 9.50	102.25 ± 12.82	.65	95.86 ± 11.26	98.63 ± 13.16	.37	92.35 ± 13.09	96.69 ± 10.94	.27
Internal rotation	41.76 ± 13.58	32.56 ± 6.02	.05	40.11 ± 13.59	39.75 ± 6.92	.94	35.78 ± 10.91	34.58 ± 6.60	.65	34.39 ± 7.87	32.54 ± 11.76	.50
Strength: manual muscle test (reduced/totald)
Lower trapezius	27/33 (81.8%)	9/9 (100.0%)	.31	29/35 (82.9%)	7/8 (87.5%)	>.99	56/65 (86.2%)	15/19 (78.9%)	.48	41/54 (75.9%)	11/13 (84.6%)	.72
Middle trapezius	16/33 (48.5%)	8/9 (88.9%)	.05	23/35 (65.7%)	7/8 (87.5%)	.40	47/65 (72.3%)	15/19 (78.9%)	.77	37/54 (68.5%)	10/13 (76.9%)	.74
Serratus anterior	7/33 (21.2%)	3/9 (33.3%)	.66	7/35 (20%)	2/8 (25%)	>.99	12/65 (18.5%)	1/19 (5.3%)	.28	2/54 (3.7%)	1/13 (7.7%)	.48
Strength: normalized muscle torque, Nm (mean ± SD)
Elevation	0.05 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.01	.25	0.05 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.01	.12	0.05 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.01	.10	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	.44
External rotation	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	.43	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	.41	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	.36	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	.62
Internal rotation	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	.41	0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	.05	0.05 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	.76	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	.55
Horizontal abduction	0.03 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	.54	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	.48	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	.83	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	.59
Normalized pectoralis minor length, cm (mean ± SD)
Rest	0.87 ± 0.16	0.79 ± 0.12	.09	0.84 ± 0.15	0.82 ± 0.16	.61	0.83 ± 0.09	0.73 ± 0.19	.00	0.75 ± 0.29	0.78 ± 0.35	.78
Stretch	1.15 ± 0.12	1.15 ± 0.12	.95	1.12 ± 0.12	1.10 ± 0.12	.77	1.09 ± 0.08	1.00 ± 0.26	.15	0.97 ± 0.36	0.99 ± 0.45	.89
Scapular dyskinesis (obvious dyskinesis/total)	21/33 (63.6%)	7/9 (77.8%)	.69	20/35 (57.1%)	4/8 (50%)	>.99	21/65 (32.3%)	6/19 (31.6%)	.95	25/54 (46.3%)	7/13 (53.8%)	.63
Core endurance, s (mean ± SD)
Side bridge	14.61 ± 11.43	13.51 ± 11.34	.80	24.62 ± 16.61	16.13 ± 6.17	.02	35.60 ± 18.33	28.41 ± 17.78	.13	40.78 ± 21.84	30.10 ± 14.12	.10
Prone bridge	19.13 ± 14.62	17.15 ± 20.79	.75	33.09 ± 21.47	23.94 ± 9.97	.08	54.78 ± 25.85	42.71 ± 27.96	.08	52.21 ± 24.36	55.16 ± 19.53	.69
Closed kinetic chain stability test (no. hits/15 s)	17.73 ± 3.31	19.11 ± 5.23	.34	17.40 ± 2.63	15.50 ± 6.97	.47	17.20 ± 4.41	17.90 ± 17.90	.54	15.45 ± 5.23	16.38 ± 3.50	.55

^aIndicates that the t tests were performed for analysis of variables of passive range of motion, strength using normalized muscle torque, normalized pectoralis minor length, and core endurance, and the values are presented in Appendix 2.

^bIndicates that Fisher exact probability tests were performed for analyses of variables of manual muscle test for all muscles and scapular dyskinesis (groups 8–11 years and 12–14 years of age).

^cIndicates that χ² tests were performed for analyses of variables of scapular dyskinesis (groups 15–19 years of age and masters), and the values are presented in Appendix 2.

^d Reduced strength was defined as movement of the scapula during application of pressure.