Appendix 2.

The t Values and χ² Values ^a Associated With Comparison of Physical Examination Measures Between Swimmers With and Without Shoulder Pain, Dissatisfaction, and Disability

Measure	Age Group
	8–11 y		12–14 y		15–19 y			Masters
	t	Degrees of Freedom	t	Degrees of Freedom	t	Degrees of Freedom	χ12	t	Degrees of Freedom	χ12
Shoulder passive range of motion, °
Flexion	−2.34	40	−0.22	41	−1.19	82	NA	−0.79	65	NA
Flexion–triceps length	−1.69	40	−0.32	41	−0.69	82	NA	−0.89	65	NA
Flexion–latissimus length	−2.24	40	−1.01	41	−0.36	82	NA	−0.06	65	NA
External rotation	−0.06	40	−0.46	41	−0.91	82	NA	−1.11	65	NA
Internal rotation	−1.97	40	−0.07	41	−0.46	82	NA	−0.69	65	NA
Strength: manual muscle test (reduced/totala)
Lower trapezius	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Middle trapezius	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Serratus anterior	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Strength: normalized muscle torque, Nm
Elevation	−1.17	40	−1.58	41	−1.65	82	NA	−0.78	65	NA
External rotation	−0.80	40	−0.83	41	−0.92	82	NA	−0.50	65	NA
Internal rotation	−0.83	40	−1.98	41	−0.31	82	NA	−0.61	65	NA
Horizontal abduction	−0.62	40	−0.72	41	−0.21	82	NA	−0.54	65	NA
Normalized pectoralis minor length, cm
Rest	−1.8	17.3	−0.51	41	−3.37	82	NA	−0.28	65	NA
Stretch	−0.12	40	−0.29	41	−1.5	19.05	NA	−0.14	65	NA
Scapular dyskinesis (obvious dyskinesis/total)b	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.004	NA	NA	0.24
Core endurance, s
Side bridge	−0.26	40	−2.39	31.55	−1.51	82	NA	−1.68	65	NA
Prone bridge	−0.33	40	−1.81	24.11	−1.76	82	NA	−0.41	65	NA
Closed kinetic chain stability test (no. hits/15 s)	−0.96	40	−0.76	7.5	−0.61	82	NA	−0.61	64	NA

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.

^a Reduced strength was defined as movement of the scapula during application of pressure.

^bIndicates that χ² tests were performed for analyses of variables of scapular dyskinesis for groups 15–19 years of age and masters.