Table 2.

Summary of in vitro magnolol effect on cardiovascular system

Concentration	Effect	Reference
Low (≦1 μM) to Moderate
0.1‒10 μM	Diminish PMA‒induced neutrophil activation and reduce neutrophil adhesion ability	[44]
Moderate (1–100 μM)
5‒10 μM	Inhibited TNFα‒induced VACM‒1 expression in aortic endothelial cells	[37]
10 μM	Inhibit proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts	[23]
16.8 μM	Inhibit LPS‒induced macrophage activation	[35]
5‒20 μM	Induce intrinsic apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells	[25]
5‒20 μM	Inhibit TNFα‒induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation	[27]
>20 μM	Downregulate IL‒6‒induced ICAM‒1 expression in endothelial cells and suppress monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells	[41]
2.5‒20 μM	Inhibit copper‒induced ox‒LDL triggered endothelial cell apoptosis	[33,34]
24.2 μM	Inhibit neutrophil aggregation	[38]
3‒30 μM	Inhibit collagen‒induced platelet serotonin release	[43]
5‒50 μM	Suppress fMLP‒activated neutrophil migration	[20]
30‒90 μM	induce cytosolic‒free Ca2+ elevation in neutrophil	[36]
Moderate to High (≧100 μM)
200 μM	Reduce serum‒induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation	[26]
40‒400 μM	block norepinephrine‒ or high K+−induced contraction of aorta	[30]
60‒150 μM	Inhibit biosynthesis of platelet‒activating factor from PMNs	[44]