Table 1. Characteristics of 745 invasive pneumococcal disease episodes in adults (aged 18–64 years): A comparison between patients with co-morbidities and healthy adults.
| Healthy N = 220 | Co-morbidities* N = 525 | P Value | |
| Age, mean+/−SD, years | 43.53 (+/−13.1) | 48.78 (+/−11.3) | <0.001 |
| 18–49 yrs | 134 (61) | 257 (49) | 0.003 |
| 50–64 yrs | 86 (39) | 268 (51) | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 99 (45) | 124 (24) | <0.001 |
| Male | 121 (55) | 401 (76) | |
| Alcohol abuse | 39 (18) | 130 (25) | 0.030 |
| Current smoking | 123 (56) | 304 (58) | 0.530 |
| Prior antibiotic therapy | 18 (8) | 182 (35) | <0.001 |
| Clinical syndromes | |||
| Pneumonia with empyema | 33 (15) | 36 (7) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia without empyema | 149 (68) | 331 (63) | |
| Others† | 38 (17) | 158 (30) | |
| Shock at presentation | 15 (7) | 107 (20) | <0.001 |
| 30-day mortality | 11 (5) | 107 (20) | <0.001 |
| Antibiotic Resistance‡ | |||
| Penicillin | |||
| Non-meningeal (MIC≥4 µg/mL) | 4 (2) | 12 (2) | 0.688 |
| Meningeal (MIC≥0.12 µg/mL) | 36 (16) | 180 (34) | <0.001 |
| Cefotaxime/Ceftriaxone | |||
| Non-meningeal (MIC≥2 µg/mL) | 4 (2) | 10 (2) | 0.937 |
| Meningeal (MIC≥1 µg/mL) | 17 (8) | 81 (15) | 0.011 |
| Erythromycin (MIC≥0.5 µg/mL) | 33 (15) | 124 (24) | 0.009 |
Unless otherwise indicated, data are reported as number (percentage). MIC denotes minimum inhibitory concentration.
Co-morbidities (some patients had more than one): HIV infection (n = 159), malignant disease (n = 143), chronic liver disease (n = 131), immunosuppressive therapy (n = 128), diabetes (n = 92), chronic pulmonary disease (n = 82), cardiovascular diseases (n = 45), transplant recipients (n = 29), chronic rheumatic disease or vasculitis (n = 20), asplenia (n = 19), end stage renal failure (n = 17), cerebrovascular diseases/degenerative brain diseases (n = 7).
Other clinical syndromes [healthy (n) vs. co-morbidities (n)]: primary bacteraemia (3 vs. 42), meningitis (27 vs. 37), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (0 vs. 50), abdominal/biliary tract (2 vs. 11), soft tissue infections (0 vs. 7); endocarditis (3 vs. 0); osteoarticular (2 vs. 5); otitis/sinusitis (1 vs. 6).
According to the new Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute breakpoints. Resistance to other antibiotics (healthy vs. co-morbidities): tetracycline (12% vs. 26%); co-trimoxazole (20% vs. 41%) and ciprofloxacin (0.5% vs. 1%).